Alachlor and Breast Cancer Risk
Bibliography

This bibliography is provided as a service to our readers. It is compiled from the entries in the BCERF Environmental Risk Factors Bibliographic Database.

This bibliography is arranged topically. The topics include:

History of Use and Usage

Aspelin, A. L. (1997). Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage, 733-R-97-002, USEPA, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, US Environmental Protection Agency).

Gianessi, L. P., and Anderson, J. E. (1995b). Pesticide Use in New York Crop Production (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy).

Gianessi, L. P., and Anderson, J. E. (1995a). Pesticide Use in US Crop Production (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy).

Meister, R. T. (1999). Pesticide Dictionary; Alachlor. In 1999 Farm Chemicals Handbook, R. T. Meister, ed. (Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Company), pp. C 15-C 16.

Stevens, J. T., and Sumner, D. D. (1991). Chapter 20, Herbicides; 20.7.1 Alachlor. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, W. J. Hayes, Jr. and E. R. Laws, Jr., eds. (San Diego: Academic Press), pp. 1341-1343.

Wauchope, R. D., Buttler, T. M., Hornsby, A. G., Augustinjn-Beckers, P. W. M., and Burt, J. P. (1992). The SCR/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database for environmental decision making. Rev. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 123.

WSSA. (1994). Alachlor. In Herbicide Handbook, 7th ed., W. H. Ahrens, ed. (Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America), pp. 9-12.

Chemical Information and Trade Names

Ahrens, W. H. (1994). Alachlor. In Herbicide Handbook, W. H. Ahrens, ed. (Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America), pp. 10-12.

Meister, R. T. (1999). Pesticide Dictionary; Alachlor. In 1999 Farm Chemicals Handbook, R. T. Meister, ed. (Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Company), pp. C 15-C 16.

Stevens, J. T., and Sumner, D. D. (1991). Chapter 20, Herbicides; 20.7.1 Alachlor. In Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, W. J. Hayes, Jr. and E. R. Laws, Jr., eds. (San Diego: Academic Press), pp. 1341-1343.

Metabolism and Transformation Products

Bonfanti, M., Taverna, P., Chiappetta, L., Villa, P., D'Incalci, M., Bagnati, R., and Fanelli, R. (1992). DNA damage induced by alachlor after in vitro activation by rat hepatocytes. Toxicology 72, 207-219.

Cowell, J. E., Danhaus, R. G., Kunstman, J. L., Hackett, A. G., Oppenhuizen, M. E., and Steinmetz, J. R. (1987). Operator exposure from closed system loading and application of alachlor herbicide. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16, 327-332.

Dapson, S. C., and McMahon, T. F. (1996). Memorandum, Third Carcinogenicity Review of Alachlor, March 14, 1996 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 1-72.

Davison, K. L., Larsen, G. L., and Feil, V. J. (1994). Comparative metabolism and elimination of acetanilide compounds by rat. Xenobiotica 24, 1003-1012.

Driskell, W. J., Hill, R. H., Jr., Healy, D. B., Hull, R. D., and Hines, C. J. (1996). Identification of a major human urinary metabolite of alachlor by LC-MS/MS. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 56, 853-859.

Hill, A. B., Jefferies, P. R., Quistad, G. B., and Casida, J. E. (1997). Dialkylquinoneimine metabolites of chloroacetanilide herbicides induce sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. Mutation Research 395, 159-171.

Jefferies, P. R., Quistad, G. B., and Casida, J. E. (1998). Dialkylquinonimines validated as in vivo metabolites of alachlor, acetochlor, and metolachlor herbicides in rats. Chemical Research in Toxicology 11, 353-359.

Kimmel, E. C., Casida, J. E., and L.O., R. (1986). Formamidine insecticides and chloroacetanilide herbicides: Distributed anilines and nitrosobenzenes as mammalian metabolites and bacterial mutagens. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 34, 157-161.

Marcus, W. L. (1987). Alachlor: Health advisory. Toxicology and Industrial Health 3, 383-396.

Monsanto. (1985). The metabolism of alachlor in Rhesus monkeys, part II. Identification, characterization and quantification of alachlor and its metabolites after intravenous administration to monkeys [Unpublished report] Submitted by Monsanto Co. to EPA, October 1985 (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto Co.).

Monsanto. (1984). Pharmacokinetic study of alachlor in Rhesus monkeys following intravenous administration [Unpublished study] submitted by Monsanto Co. to EPA, Study No. 401-96 (IR-84-244), December 1984 (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto Co.).

Sanderson, W. T., Biagini, R., Tolos, W., Hennigsen, G., and MacKenzie, B. (1995). Biological monitoring of commercial pesticide applicators for urine metabolites of the herbicide alachlor. American Industrial Hygeine Association Journal 56, 883-889.

Sanderson, W. T., Ringenburg, V., and Biagini, R. (1995). Exposure of commercial pesticide applicators to the herbicide alachlor. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 56, 890-897.

Regulatory Status

Dapson, S. C., and McMahon, T. F. (1996). Memorandum, Third Carcinogenicity Review of Alachlor, March 14, 1996 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 1-72.

Monsanto. (1999). Lasso¨ herbicide, specimen of product label (pdf file L1575.PDF: Monsanto).

USEPA. (1998a). Alachlor Tolerances and Exemptions from Tolerances for Pesticide Chemicals in or on Raw Agricultural Commodities, 40 CFR 180.249. In Code of Federal Regulations, pp. 354-355.

USEPA. (1996). Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories; Alachlor, EPA 822-B-96-002: Office of Water, US Environmental Protection Agency).

USEPA. (1998b). EPA R.E.D. facts: Alachlor, EPA-738-F-98-018, PB99-123515 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency).

Evidence of Breast Cancer in Humans

Evidence of Mammary Cancer in Experimental Animals

Daly, I. W., McCandless, J. B., and Jonassen. (1981b). A chronic feeding study of alachlor in rats. Conducted by Bio-Dynamics, Inc., Project no. 77-2065, Study no. BD-77-421, for Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO. Submitted to EPA 1/5/82. CDL: 070586-A; 070587; 070588; 070589; 070590. (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto, Co.).

Dapson, S. C., and McMahon, T. F. (1996). Memorandum, Third Carcinogenicity Review of Alachlor, March 14, 1996 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 1-72.

Mahfouz, A. (1984). Memorandum, Alachlor, EPA Reg. #524-316. Review of a New Chronic Feeding/Oncogenicity Study in Rats by Monsanto, R.D. #520, Special Report #MSL-3382, February 27, 1984; Report Prepared by Robert W. Street, Vol. 1, 2 and 3. Accession Nos.: 252496, -7 and -8; Memorandum dated April 17, 1984. (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 1-28.

Stout, L. D. (1984). A chronic study of alachlor administered in feed to Long-Evans rats, Conducted by Environmental Health Laboratories for Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO, ML-80-186, ML-80-224, CDL 252496-98, Submitted to EPA April 16, 1984. (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto, Co.).

Taylor, R. (1982). Memorandum, EPA Reg. #524-316; Alachlor; Review of Monsanto Chronic Feeding/Oncogenicity Study of Alachlor in Rats. R.D. #396, Special Report MSL#1983; Section II, Vol. 2 to 6. Accessions #070586-90, Dated June 16, 1982. (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances).

USEPA. (1990b). Quantification of Toxicological Effects for Alachlor, PB9114320, Environmental Protection Agency, Criteria and Standards Div. (Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service).

Evidence of Cancer in Humans (non-breast sites)

Acquavella, J. F., Riordan, S. G., Anne, M., Lynch, C. F., Collins, J. J., Kreland, B. K., and Heydens, W. F. (1996). Evaluation of mortality and cancer incidence among alachlor manufacturing workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 728-733.

Brown, L. M., Burnmeister, L. F., Everett, G. D., and Blair, A. (1993). Pesticide exposures and multiple myeloma in Iowa men. Cancer Causes and Control 4, 153-156.

Caldwell, G. G., Cannon, S. B., Pratt, C. B., and Arthur, R. D. (1981). Serum pesticide levels in patients with childhood colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 48, 774-778.

Leet, T., Acquavella, J., Lynch, C., Anne, M., Weiss, N. S., Vaughan, T., and Checkoway, H. (1996). Cancer incidence among alachlor manufacturing workers. American Journal of Industrial Medicine 30, 300-306.

Schreinemachers, D. M., Creason, J. P., and Garry, V. F. (1999). Cancer mortality in agricultural regions of Minnesota. Environmental Health Perspectives 107, 205-211.

Evidence of Cancer in Animals (non-mammary sites)

Daly, IW, Hagan, GK, Plutnick, R (1981a) An eighteen-month chronic feeding study of alachlor in mice. Project no. 77-1064, Study no. BD-77-423. Final Report. Unpublished study received July 1, 1981 under EPA Reg. No. 524-285; submitted by Monsanto Co., CDL: 070168-A, 070169 (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto Co.).

Daly, IW, McCandless, JB, Jonassen (1981b) A chronic feeding study of alachlor in rats. Conducted by Bio-Dynamics, Inc., Project no. 77-2065, Study no. BD-77-421, for Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO. Submitted to EPA 1/5/82. CDL: 070586-A; 070587; 070588; 070589; 070590. (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto, Co.).

Dapson, SC, McMahon, TF (1996) Memorandum, Third Carcinogenicity Review of Alachlor, March 14, 1996 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 1-72.

EHL (1994) (no title cited; was chronic 18 month carcinogenicity study of alachlor in mice) Environmental Health Laboratory, Project Nos. MSL-1387 and EHL 91166, Study no. ML-92-001, MRID#43507601, December 8,1994.

Furth, J (1968) Pituitary cybernetics and neoplasia. In The Harvey Lectures (New York: Academic Press), pp. 47-71.

Hauswirth, JW (1987) Memorandum, Peer Review of Alachlor; Reconsideration of Classification (2nd), May 18, 1987 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Projection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances).

Kurata, YY, Shibata, M-A, Miyata, E, Hasegaw, R, Ito, N (1993) Evaluation of carcinogenicity of pesticides in a medium-term liver carcinogenicity bioassay. Annals of Epidemiology 18: 418.

Mahfouz, A (1984) Memorandum, Alachlor, EPA Reg. #524-316. Review of a New Chronic Feeding/Oncogenicity Study in Rats by Monsanto, R.D. #520, Special Report #MSL-3382, February 27, 1984; Report Prepared by Robert W. Street, Vol. 1, 2 and 3. Accession Nos.: 252496, -7 and -8; Memorandum dated April 17, 1984. (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 1-28.

Marcus, WL (1987) Alachlor: Health advisory. Toxicology and Industrial Health 3: 383-396.

Stout, LD (1984) A chronic study of alachlor administered in feed to Long-Evans rats, Conducted by Environmental Health Laboratories for Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO, ML-80-186, ML-80-224, CDL 252496-98, Submitted to EPA April 16, 1984. (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto, Co.).

Taylor, R (1982) Memorandum, EPA Reg. #524-316; Alachlor; Review of Monsanto Chronic Feeding/Oncogenicity Study of Alachlor in Rats. R.D. #396, Special Report MSL#1983; Section II, Vol. 2 to 6. Accessions #070586-90, Dated June 16, 1982. (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances).

Taylor, R (1984) Memorandum, Alachlor (Lasso), EPA Reg. #524-316. EPL's Reevaluation of nasal cavity lesions in a 2-year chronic study in rats # ML-80-186 (8002184), by Monsanto, Memorandum dated 11/19/84. (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances).

Tessier, DM, Clark, JM (1995) Quantitative assessment of the mutagenic potential of environmental degradative products of alachlor. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43: 2504-2512.

USEPA (1987) Health Advisories for 16 Pesticides; Alachlor, PB87200176 (Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service), pp. 1-15.

USEPA (1990b) Quantification of Toxicological Effects for Alachlor, PB9114320, Environmental Protection Agency, Criteria and Standards Div. (Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service).

Wilson, AGE, Thake, DC, Heydens, WE, Brewster, DW, Hotz, KJ (1996) Mode of action of thyroid formation in the male Long-Evans rat administered high doses of alachlor. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 33: 16-23.

Classification of Carcinogenicity by Other Agencies

USDHHS. (1998). Report on Carcinogens, Eighth Edition Summary, 1998, I. L. Systems, ed. (Rockville, MD: US Dept. of Health and Human Services, and the National Toxicology Program).

USEPA. (1998b). EPA R.E.D. facts: Alachlor, EPA-738-F-98-018, PB99-123515 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency).

Evidence of Estrogenicity

Klotz, D. M., Beckman, B. S., Hill, S. M., McLachlan, H. A., Waters, M. R., and Arnold, S. F. (1996). Identification of environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity using a combination of in vitro assays. Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 1084-1089.

Soto, A. M., Sonnenschein, C., Chung, K. L., Fernandez, M. F., Olea, N., and Serrano, F. O. (1995). The E-Screen Assay as a tool to identify estrogens: An update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 113-122.

Vonier, P. M., Crain, D. A., McLachlan, J. A., Guillette, L. J., Jr., and Arnold, S. F. (1996). Interaction of environmental chemicals with the estrogen and progesterone receptors from the oviduct of the American alligator. Environmental Health Perspectives 104, 1318-1322.

Effects on Reproduction and Development

Garry, VF, Schreinemachers, D, Harkins, ME, Griffith, J (1996) Pesticide appliers, biocides, and birth defects in rural Minnesota. Environmental Health Perspectives 104: 394-399.

Heindel, JJ, Chapin, RE, Gulati, DK, George, JD, Price, CJ, Marr, MC, Myers, CB, Barnes, LH, Fail, PA, Grizzle, TB, Schwetz, BA, Yang, RSH (1994) Assessment of the reproductive and developmental toxicity of pesticide/fertilizer mixtures based on confirmed pesticide contamination in California and Iowa groundwater. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology 22: 605-621.

Heindel, JJ, George, JD, Fail, PA, Grizzle, TB (1997) Pesticide/Fertilizer mix III ( Iowa). Environmental Health Perspectives 105 (Supp 1): 375-376.

Marcus, WL (1987) Alachlor: Health advisory. Toxicology and Industrial Health 3: 383-396.

Schroeder, RD, Hogan, GK, Smock, ME (1981) A three-generation reproduction study in rats with alachlor. Project No. 77-2066. Final report. Unpublished study received by EPA July 10, 1981; prepared by Bio-Dynamics, Inc., submitted by Monsanto, Co., CDLL 070177-A (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto).

Mutagenicity and Genotoxicity

Bonfanti, M., Taverna, P., Chiappetta, L., Villa, P., D'Incalci, M., Bagnati, R., and Fanelli, R. (1992). DNA damage induced by alachlor after in vitro activation by rat hepatocytes. Toxicology 72, 207-219.

Brown, M. A., Kimmel, E. C., and Casida, J. E. (1988). DNA adduct formation by alachlor metabolites. Life Sciences 43, 2087-2094.

De Marco, A., Boccardi, P., De Simone, C., Piccolo, A., Raglione, R., Testa, A., and Trinca, S. (1990). The induction of micronuclei in Vicia faba root tips treated in different soils with the herbicide alachlor. Mutation Research 241, 1-6.

Dunkelberg, H., Fuchs, J., Hengstler, J. G., Klein, E., Oesch, F., and StrŸder, K. (1994). Genotoxic effects of the herbicides alachlor, atrazine, pendimethaline, and simazine in mammalian cells. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 52, 498-504.

Gebel, T., Kevekorder, S., Pav, K., Edenharder, R., and Dunkelberg, H. (1997). In vivo genotoxicity of selected herbicides in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test. Archives of Toxicology 71, 193-197.

Gentile, J. M., Wagner, W. D., and Plewa, M. J. (1977). The detection of weak recombinogenic activties in the herbicides alachlor and propachlor using a plant-activation bioassay. Mutation Research 48, 113-116.

George, S. E., Allison, J. C., Kohan, M. J., Warren, S. H., Eishchen, B. T., and Brooks, L. R. (1995). Effects of alachlor on 2,6-dinitrotoluene intestinal activation in Fisher 344 rats (abstract). Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 25 (suppl 25), 18.

Georgian, L., Moraru, I., Draghicescu, T., Dinu, I., and Ghizelea, G. (1983). Cytogenetic effects of alachlor and mancozeb. Mutation Research 116, 341-348.

Hill, A. B., Jefferies, P. R., Quistad, G. B., and Casida, J. E. (1997). Dialkylquinoneimine metabolites of chloroacetanilide herbicides induce sister chromatid exchanges in cultured human lymphocytes. Mutation Research 395, 159-171.

Kligerman, A. D., Chapin, R. E., Erexson, G. L., Germolec, D. R., Kwanyuen, P., and Yang, R. S. H. (1993). Analyses of cytogenetic damage in rodents following exposure to simulated groundwater contaminated with pesticides and a fertilizer. Mutation Research 300, 125-134.

Lin, M. F., Wu, C. L., and Wang, T. C. (1987). Pesticide clastogenicity in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutation Research 188, 241-250.

Marcus, W. L. (1987). Alachlor: Health advisory. Toxicology and Industrial Health 3, 383-396.

Meisner, L. F., Belluck, D. A., and Roloff, B. D. (1992). Cytogenetic effects of alachlor and/or atrazine in vivo and in vitro. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis 19, 77-82.

Nesnow, S., Agarwal, S. C., Padgett, W. T., Lambert, G. R., Boone, P., and Richard, A. M. (1995). Synthesis and characterization of adducts of alachlor and 2-Chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide with 2'-Deoxyguanosine, Thymidine, and their 3'-Monophosphates. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 8, 209-217.

Plewa, M. J., Wagner, E. D., Gentile, G. J., and Gentile, J. M. (1984). An evaluation of the genotoxic properties of herbicides following plant and animal activation. Mutation Research 136, 233-245.

Ribas, G., Frenzilli, G., Barale, R., and Marcos, R. (1995). Herbicide-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes evaluated by the single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay. Mutation Research 344, 41-54.

Ribas, G., SurrallŽs, J., Carbonell, E., Xamena, N., Creus, A., and Marcos, R. (1996). Genotoxicity of the herbicides alachlor and maleic hydrazide in cultured human lymphocytes. Mutagenesis 11, 221-227.

Ross, J. A., and Nelson, G. B. (1994). DNA adducts formed by the pesticide alachlor and its metabolites (abstract). In Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research, pp. 111.

Shirasu, S. (1980). Microbial mutagenicity study. Received Feb. 20, 1980 under EPA reg. No. 524-316. Prepared by Institute of Environmental Toxicology, Kodira, Japan; submitted by Monsanto Co. to EPA, CDL: 248053. (Washington, D.C.: Monsanto).

Shirasu, Y., Moriya, M., Kato, K., Furuhashi, A., and Kada, T. (1976). Mutagenicity screening of pesticides in the microbial system. Mutation Research 40, 19-30.

SurrallŽs, J., Catal‡n, J., Creus, A., Norppa, H., Xamena, N., and Marcos, R. (1995). Micronuclei induced by alachlor; mitomycin-C and vinblastin in human lymphocytes: presence of centromeres and kinetochlores and influence of staining technique. Mutagenesis 10, 417-423.

Taningher, M., Terranova, M. P., Airoldi, L., Chiappetta, L., and Parodi, S. (1993). Lack of alachlor induced DNA damage as assayed in rodent liver by the alkaline elution test. Toxicology 85, 117-122.

Tessier, D. M., and Clark, J. M. (1995). Quantitative assessment of the mutagenic potential of environmental degradative products of alachlor. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 43, 2504-2512.

Torres, C., Ribas, G., Xamena, N., Creus, A., and Marcos, R. (1992). Genotoxicity of four herbicides in the Drosophila wing spot test. Mutation Research 280, 291-295.

Xu, H. H., and Schurr, K. M. (1990). Genotoxicity of 22 pesticides in microtitration SOS Chromotest. Toxicity Assessment: An International Journal 5, 1-14.

Yoder, J., Watson, M., and Benson, W. W. (1973). Lymphocyte chromosome analysis of agricultural workers during extensive occupational exposure to pesticides. Mutation Research 21, 335-340.

Evidence of Tumor Promotion

Kurata, Y. Y., Shibata, M.-A., Miyata, E., Hasegaw, R., and Ito, N. (1993). Evaluation of carcinogenicity of pesticides in a medium-term liver carcinogenicity bioassay. Annals of Epidemiology 18, 418.

Effects on the Immune System

Biagini, R. E., Henningsen, G. M., MacKenzie, B., Sanderson, W. T., Robertson, S., and Baumgardner, E. S. (1993). Evaluation of acute immunotoxiciy of alachlor in male F344/N rats. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 50, 266-273.

Flaherty, D. K., Winzenburger, P. A., Gross, C. J., McGarity, K. L., Panyik, M., and Feng, P. (1992). The effect of Lasso¨ herbicide on human immune function as measured by in vitro assays. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology 14, 955-979.

Ward, E. C., Murray, M. J., Lauer, L. D., House, R. V., Irons, R., and Dean, J. H. (1984). Immunosuppression following 7, 12-dimethylbenzanthracene exposure in B6C3FI mice; Effects on humoral immunity and host resistance. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 75, 299-308.

Environmental Fate: Persistency in Soil

Ahrens, WH (1994) Alachlor. In Herbicide Handbook, W. H. Ahrens, ed. (Champaign, IL: Weed Science Society of America), pp. 10-12.

Barrett, MR (1996) Chapter 16, The Environmental Impact of Pesticide Degradates in Groundwater. In Herbicide Metabolites in Surface Water and Groundwater, M. T. Meyer and E. M. Thurman, eds. (Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society), pp. 200-225.

Chesters, F, Simsiman, GV, Levy, J, Alhajjar, BJ, Fathulla, RN, Harkin, JM (1989) Environmental fate of alachlor and metolachlor. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 110: 1-74.

Clay, SA, Moorman, TB, Clay, DE, Scholes, KA (1997) Sorption and degradation of alachlor in soil and aquifer material. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 1348-1353.

Gan, J, Koskinen, WC, Becker, RL, Buhler, DD (1995) Soil processes and chemical transport. Journal of Environmental Quality 24: 1162-1169.

Gaynor, JD, MacTavish, DC, Findlay, WI (1992) Surface and subsurface transport of atrazine and alachlor from a Brookston clay loam under continuous corn production. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 23: 240-245.

Gish, TG, Shirmohammadi, A, Wienhold, BJ (1994) Field-scale mobility and persistence of commercial and starch-encapsulated atrazine and alachlor. Journal of Environmental Quality 23: 355-359.

Gish, TJ, Isensee, AR, Nash, RG, Helling, CS (1991) Impact of pesticides on shallow groundwater quality. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 34: 1745-1753.

Gish, TJ, Shirmohammadi, A, Vyravipillai, R, Wienhold, BJ (1995) Herbicide leaching under tilled and no-tillage fields. Soil Science Society of America Journal 59: 895-901.

Glotfelty, DW, Leech, MM, Jersey, J, Taylor, AW (1989) Volatilization and wind erosion of soil surface applied atrazine, simazine, alachlor, and toxaphene. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 37: 546-551.

Goolsby, DA, Scribner, EA, Thurman, EM, Pomes, ML, Meyer, MT (1995b) Data on selected hericides and two triazine metabolites in precipitation of the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, 1990-91, report no. 95-469 (Lawrence, Kansas: US Geoglogical Survey), pp. 1-341.

Goolsby, DA, Thurman, EM, Kolpin, DW, Battaglin, WA (1995a) Occurrence of herbicides and metabolites in surface water, ground water, and rainwater in the midwestern United States. In American Water Works Association Proceedings: 1995 Annual Conference, Water Research (Anaheim, California: American Water Works Association), pp. 583-591.

Isensee, AR, Helling, CS, Gish, TJ, Kearney, PC, Coffman, CB, Zhuang, W (1988) Groundwater residues of atrazine, alachlor, and cyanazine under no-tillage practices. Chemosphere 17: 165-174.

Kolpin, DW, Thurman, EM, Goolsby, DA (1996) Occurrence of selected pesticides and their metabolites in near-surface aquifers of the Midwestern United States. Environmental Science and Technology 30: 335-340.

Paterson, KG, Schnoor, JL (1992) Fate of alachlor and atrazine in a riparian zone field site. Water Environment Research 64: 274-283.

Potter, TL, Carpenter, TL (1995) Occurrence of alachlor environmental degradation products in groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology 29: 1557-1563.

Stamper, DM, Tuovinen, OH (1998) Biodegradation of the acetanilide herbicides alachlor, metolachlor, and propachlor. Critical Reviews in Microbiology 21: 1-22.

Thurman, EM, Goolsby, DA, Aga, DS, Pomes, ML, Meyer, MT (1996) Occurrence of alachlor and its sulfonated metabolite in rivers and reservoirs of the Midwestern United States: The importance of sulfonation in the transport of chloroacetanilide herbicides. Environmental Science and Technology 30: 569-574.

Walker, A, Brown, PA (1985) The relative persistence in soil of five acetanilide herbicides. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34: 143-149.

Wauchope, RD, Buttler, TM, Hornsby, AG, Augustinjn-Beckers, PWM, Burt, JP (1992) The SCR/ARS/CES Pesticide Properties Database for environmental decision making. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 123.

Environmental Fate: Groundwater Contamination

Baker, D. B., Bushway, R. J., Adams, S. A., and Macomber, C. (1993). Immunoassay screens for alachlor in rural wells: False positives and an alachlor soil metabolite. Environmental Science and Technology 27, 562-564.

Barbash, J. E., Thelin, G. P., Kolpin, D. W., and Gilliom, R. J. (1999). Distribution of major herbicides in ground water of the United States (US Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 98-4245) (Sacremento, CA: US Geological Survey).

Buhler, D. D., Randall, G. W., Koskinen, W. C., and Wyse, D. L. (1993). Atrazine and alachlor losses from subsurface tile drainage of a clay loam soil. Journal of Environmental Quality 22, 583-588.

Burkhart, M. R., and Kolpin, D. W. (1993). Hydrologic and land-use factor associated with herbicides and nitrate in near-surface aquifers. Journal of Environmental Quality 22, 646-656.

CADFDAG. (1990). Survey for alachlor, atrazine, metolachlor and nitrate residues in well water in Merced County and their relation to soil and well characteristics, PB90258815 (Springfield, VA: California Dept. of Food and Agriculture, Environmental Hazards Assessment Program, and the National Technical Information Service).

Cavalier, T. C., Lavy, T. L., and Mattice, J. D. (1991). Persistence of selected pesticides in ground-water samples. Ground Water 29, 225-231.

Holden, L. R., Graham, J. A., Whitmore, R. W., Alexander, W. J., Pratt, R. W., Liddle, S. K., and Piper, L. L. (1992). Results of the national alachlor well water survey. Environmental Science and Technology 26, 935-943.

Kolpin, D. W., Barbash, J. E., and Gillion, R. J. (1998). Occurrence of pesticides in shallow groundwater of the United States: Initial results from the National Water-Quality Assessment Program. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 558-566.

Kolpin, D. W., Kalkhoff, S. J., Goolsby, D. A., Sneck-Fahrer, D. A., and Thurman, E. M. (1997b). Occurrence of selected herbicides and herbicide degradation products in Iowa's ground water, 1995. Ground Water 35, 679-688.

Kolpin, D. W., Sneck-Fahrer, D., Hallberg, G. R., and Libra, R. D. (1997a). Temporal trends of selected agricultural chemicals in Iowa's groundwater, 1982-1995: Are things getting better? Journal of Environmental Quality 26, 1007-1017.

Kolpin, D. W., Thurman, E. M., and Goolsby, D. A. (1996). Occurrence of selected pesticides and their metabolites in near-surface aquifers of the Midwestern United States. Environmental Science and Technology 30, 335-340.

Maas, R. P., Kucken, D. J., Patch, S. C., Peek, B. T., and Van Engelen, D. L. (1995). Pesticides in eastern North Carolina rural supply wells: Land use factors and persistence. Journal of Environmental Quality 24, 426-431.

Phillips, P. J., Eckhardt, D. A., Terraccinano, S. A., and Rosenman, L. (1999). Pesticides and their metabolites in wells of Suffolk County, New York, 1998 (US Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigation Report, WRIR 99-4095, June 1999), pp. 1-12.

Potter, T. L., and Carpenter, T. L. (1995). Occurrence of alachlor environmental degradation products in groundwater. Environmental Science and Technology 29, 1557-1563.

Ritter, W. F. (1990). Pesticide contamination of ground water in the United States - a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Health 25, 1-29.

Ritter, W. F., Scarborough, R. W., and Chirnside, A. E. M. (1994). Contamination of groundwater by triazines, metolachlor and alachlor. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 15, 73-92.

SCDHS. (1999). Water quality monitoring program to detect pesticide contamination in groundwaters of Nassau and Suffolk Counties, NY (Suffolk County: Suffolk County Department of Health Services), pp. 1-32.

Spalding, R. F., Burbach, M. E., and Exner, M. E. (1989). Pesticides in Nebraska's ground water. Ground Water Monitoring Review 9, 126-133.

USEPA. (1990a). National Pesticide Survey: Summary Results of EPA's National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Wells, EPA 579/9-90-015, PB 91-125765 (Washington, D.C.: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances).

Vargo, J. D. (1998). Determination of sulfonic acid degradates of chloroacetanilide and cloroacetamide herbicides in groundwater by LC/MS/MS. Analytical Chemistry 70, 2699-2703.

Wall, G. R., Riva-Murrary, K., and Phillips, P. J. (1998). Water Quality in the Hudson River Basin, New York and Adjacent States, 1992-95, USGS Circular no. 1165 (Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey Information Services).

Environmental Fate: Surface Water Contamination

Capel, PD, Ma, L, Schroyer, BR, Larson, SJ, Gilchrist, TA (1995) Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain. Environmental Science and Technology 29: 1702-1705.

Frank, R, Logan, L, Clegg, BS (1991) Pesticide and polychlorinated biphenyl residues in waters at the mouth of the Grand, Saugeen, and Thames Rivers, Ontario, Canada, 1986-1990. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 21: 585-595.

Goolsby, DA, Scribner, EA, Thurman, EM, Pomes, ML, Meyer, MT (1995b) Data on selected hericides and two triazine metabolites in precipitation of the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, 1990-91, report no. 95-469 (Lawrence, Kansas: US Geoglogical Survey), pp. 1-341.

Goolsby, DA, Thurman, EM, Kolpin, DW, Battaglin, WA (1995a) Occurrence of herbicides and metabolites in surface water, ground water, and rainwater in the midwestern United States. In American Water Works Association Proceedings: 1995 Annual Conference, Water Research (Anaheim, California: American Water Works Association), pp. 583-591.

Gruessner, B, Watzin, MC (1995) Patterns of herbicide contamination in selected Vermont streams detected by enzyme immunoassay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology 29: 2806-2813.

Hatzell, HH (1995) Pesticides in surface water from three agricultural basins in South-Central Georgia, 1993-95, PB97-168942 (Tallahassee, FL: National Technical Information Service).

Kalkhoff, SJ, Kolpin, DW, Thurman, EM, Ferrer, I, Barcelo, D (1998) Degradation of chloroacetanilide herbicides: The prevalence of sulfonic and oxanilic acid metabolites in Iowa groundwaters and surface waters. Environmental Science and Technology 32: 1738-1740.

Larson, SJ, Capel, PD, Goolsby, DA, Zaugg, SD, Sandstrom, MW (1995) Relations between pesticide use and riverine flux in the Mississippi River basin. Chemosphere 31: 3305-3321.

Macomber, C, Bushway, RJ, L.B., P, Baker, D, Fan, TS, Ferguson, BS (1992) Determination of the ethanesulfonate metabolite of alachlor in water by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 40: 1450-1452.

Pereira, WE, Hostettler, FD (1993) Nonpoint source contamination of the Mississippi River and its tributaries by herbicides. Environmental Science and Technology 27: 1542-1552.

Phillips, PJ, Wall, GR, Eckhardt, DA, Freehafer, DA, Rosenmann, L (1998) Pesticide concentrations in surface waters of New York State in relation to land use-1997 (US Geological Survey Water Resources Investigation Report, WRIR 98-4101), pp. 1-8.

Thurman, EM, Goolsby, DA, Aga, DS, Pomes, ML, Meyer, MT (1996) Occurrence of alachlor and its sulfonated metabolite in rivers and reservoirs of the Midwestern United States: The importance of sulfonation in the transport of chloroacetanilide herbicides. Environmental Science and Technology 30: 569-574.

Thurman, EM, Goolsby, DA, Meyer, MT, Mills, MS, Pomes, ML (1992) A reconnaissance study of herbicides and their metabolites in surface water of the midwestern United States using immunoassay and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Environmental Science and Technology 28: 2440-2447.

Wall, GR, Phillips, PJ (1997a) Pesticides in surface waters of the Hudson River basin-Mohawk River subbasin (US Geological Survey, Fact Sheet no. FS-237-96), pp. 1-4.

Wall, GR, Phillips, PJ (1997b) Pesticides in surface waters of the Hudson River Basin, New York and Adjacent States (US Geological Survey Fact Sheet, no. FS 238-96, pp. 1-4.

Wall, GR, Riva-Murrary, K, Phillips, PJ (1998) Water Quality in the Hudson River Basin, New York and Adjacent States, 1992-95, USGS Circular no. 1165 (Denver, CO: U.S. Geological Survey Information Services).

Environmental Fate: Tap Water Contamination

Baker, D. B. (1983). Herbicide Contamination in Municipal Water Supplies of Northwestern Ohio [draft final report] (Tiffin, Ohio: Heidelberg College).

Frank, R., Clegg, B. S., Sherman, C., and Chapman, N. D. (1990). Triazine and chloroacetamide herbicides in Sydenham river water and municipal drinking water, Dresden, Ontario, Canada, 1981-1987. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 19, 319-324.

Environmental Fate: Rainwater Levels

Capel, P. D., Ma, L., Schroyer, B. R., Larson, S. J., and Gilchrist, T. A. (1995). Analysis and detection of the new corn herbicide acetochlor in river water and rain. Environmental Science and Technology 29, 1702-1705.

Goolsby, D. A., Scribner, E. A., Thurman, E. M., Pomes, M. L., and Meyer, M. T. (1995b). Data on selected hericides and two triazine metabolites in precipitation of the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, 1990-91, report no. 95-469 (Lawrence, Kansas: US Geoglogical Survey), pp. 1-341.

Goolsby, D. A., Thurman, E. M., Kolpin, D. W., and Battaglin, W. A. (1995a). Occurrence of herbicides and metabolites in surface water, ground water, and rainwater in the midwestern United States. In American Water Works Association Proceedings: 1995 Annual Conference, Water Research (Anaheim, California: American Water Works Association), pp. 583-591.

Majewski, M. S., and Capel, P. D. (1995b). Chapter 5, Analysis of Key Topics: Sources adn Transport. In Pesticides in the Atmosphere; Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors, R. J. Gilliom, ed. (Chelsea, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press, Inc.), pp. 11-76.

Majewski, M. S., and Capel, P. D. (1995a). Pesticides in the Atmosphere; Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors, Volume 1, R. J. Gilliom, ed. (Chelsea, Michigan: Ann Arbor Press, Inc.).

Nations, B. K., and Hallberg, G. R. (1992). Pesticides in Iowa precipitation. Journal of Environmental Quality 21, 486-492.

Occupational Exposure

Cowell, J. E., Danhaus, R. G., Kunstman, J. L., Hackett, A. G., Oppenhuizen, M. E., and Steinmetz, J. R. (1987). Operator exposure from closed system loading and application of alachlor herbicide. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 16, 327-332.

Sanderson, W. T., Biagini, R., Tolos, W., Hennigsen, G., and MacKenzie, B. (1995). Biological monitoring of commercial pesticide applicators for urine metabolites of the herbicide alachlor. American Industrial Hygeine Association Journal 56, 883-889.

Sanderson, W. T., Ringenburg, V., and Biagini, R. (1995). Exposure of commercial pesticide applicators to the herbicide alachlor. American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal 56, 890-897.

USEPA. (1998b). EPA R.E.D. facts: Alachlor, EPA-738-F-98-018, PB99-123515 (Washington, D.C.: US Environmental Protection Agency).

Wester, R. C., Melendres, J., and Mailbach, H. I. (1992). In vivo percutaneous absorption and skin decontamination in Rhesus monkey. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 36, 1-12.

Won, J. H., Ahn, S. K., and Kim, S.-C. (1993). Allergic contact dermatitis from the herbicide alachlor. Contact Dermatitis 28, 38-50.

Alachlor in Breast and Cow's Milk

FDA. (1999). Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study; Summary of Residues Found Ordered by Pesticide Market Baskets 91-3--97-1, June 1999 (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/TDS1byps.pdf: Food and Drug Administration), pp. 1-48.

Pvlypiw, H. M., and Hankin, L. (1991). Herbicides in pooled raw milk in Connecticut. Journal of Food Protection 54, 136-137.

Food Residues

FDA. (1999). Food and Drug Administration Total Diet Study; Summary of Residues Found Ordered by Food, Market Baskets 91-3--97-1, June 1999 (http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~acrobat/TDS1byfd.pdf: Food and Drug Administration), pp. 1-48.

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Prepared by Suzanne M. Snedeker, Research Project Leader, BCERF
and Saemi Mathews, undergraduate Research Assistant

We will make every effort to update this bibliography. If you have comments on this bibliography, or have a suggestion of a reference you would like us to review for inclusion in the bibliography, please send this information via email to: breastcancer@cornell.edu

Alachlor and Breast Cancer Risk Bibliography

Alachlor and Breast Cancer Risk
Bibliography