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This bibliography is provided as a service to our readers. It is compiled from the entries in the BCERF Environmental Risk Factors Bibliographic Database.
This bibliography is arranged topically. The topics include:
EXTOXNET (1998) Mancozeb (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/fug-nemat/
febuconazole-sulfur/mancozeb/index.html), pp. 1-7.
FAO/WHO (1993) Pesticides Residues in Food -1993 (Mancozeb). In Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, pp. 257-289.
Lentza-Rizos, C (1990) Ethylenethiourea (ETU) in relation to use of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 115: 1-37.
PMEP (1992) Mancozeb fact sheet 5/92 (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/fung-nemat/febuconazole-sulfur/
mancozeb/mancozeb-de-minimis.html), pp. 3.
USEPA (1987) Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products Containing Mancozeb as the Active Ingredient (PB88-156419) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides Programs), pp. 241.
USEPA (1987) Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 125: Mancozeb (NTIS PB87-192738) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Division), pp. 1-9.
USEPA (1989) EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3 (PB90-143025) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 318.
Vettorazzi, G, Almeida, WF, Burin, GJ, Jaeger, RB, Puga, FR, Rahde, AF, Reyes, FG, Schvartsman, S (1995) International safety assessment of pesticides: Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ETU, and PTU-A review and update. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 15: 313-317.
IPCS. (1988). Dithiocarbamate Pesticides, Ethylenethiourea, and Propylenethiourea: A General Introduction. In Environmental Health Criteria 78 (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization), pp. 140.
Meister, RT (1999) Pesticide Dictionary; Mancozeb. In 1998 Farm Chemicals Handbook, R. T. Meister, ed. (Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Company), pp. C 242.
Montgomery, J. H. (1993). Mancozeb. In Agrochemicals Desk Reference (Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers), pp. 261.
USEPA. (1987). Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 125: Mancozeb (NTIS PB87-192738) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Division), pp. 1-9.
Worthing, C. R. (1991). Mancozeb. In The Pesticide Manual, C. R. Worthing, ed. (Lavenham, Suffolk, Great Britain: The British Crop Protection Council), pp. 529-530.
Aspelin, A. L., and Grube, A. H. (1999). Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage, 1996 and 1997 Market Estimates, 733-R-99-001, USEPA, ed. (Washington, D.C.: Biological and Economic Analysis Division, Office of Pesticide Programs, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances, US Environmental Protection Agency).
FAO/WHO. (1993). Pesticides Residues in Food -1993 (Mancozeb). In Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, pp. 257-289.
FS/USDA. (1994). Mancozeb: pesticide fact sheet, U. Forest Service, ed. (http://svinet2.fs.us:80/foresthealth/pesticide/mancozeb.html), pp. 11.
Gianessi, L. P., and Anderson, J. E. (1995b). Pesticide Use in New York Crop Production (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy).
Gianessi, L. P., and Anderson, J. E. (1995a). Pesticide Use in US Crop Production (Washington, D.C.: National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy).
IARC. (1987). Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42; Hexachlorocyclohexanes (Group 2B). In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (Lyon, France: IARC, World Health Organization), pp. 220-222.
Meister, R. T. (1999). Pesticide Dictionary; Mancozeb. In 1998 Farm Chemicals Handbook, R. T. Meister, ed. (Willoughby, OH: Meister Publishing Company), pp. C 242.
USDA. (1999). 1997 Agricultural chemical use estimates for livestock and general farm use (http://www.usda.gov/nass/).
USEPA. (1989). EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3 (PB90-143025) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 318.
USEPA. (1987). Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products Containing Mancozeb as the Active Ingredient (PB88-156419) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides Programs), pp. 241.
USEPA. (1987). Pesticide Fact Sheet Number 125: Mancozeb (NTIS PB87-192738) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs, Registration Division), pp. 1-9.
USGS. (1992). Mancozeb, estimated agricultural use (web site http://water.wr.usgs.gov/pnsp/use92/mancozeb.html: US Geological Survey).
Vettorazzi, G., Almeida, W. F., Burin, G. J., Jaeger, R. B., Puga, F. R., Rahde, A. F., Reyes, F. G., and Schvartsman, S. (1995). International safety assessment of pesticides: Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ETU, and PTU-A review and update. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 15, 313-317.
Worthing, C. R. (1991). Mancozeb. In The Pesticide Manual, C. R. Worthing, ed. (Lavenham, Suffolk, Great Britain: The British Crop Protection Council), pp. 529-530.
EXTOXNET. (1998). Mancozeb (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/fug-nemat/febuconazole-sulfur/
mancozeb/index.html), pp. 1-7.
PMEP. (1992). Mancozeb fact sheet 5/92 (http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/fung-nemat/febuconazole-sulfur/
mancozeb/mancozeb-de-minimis.html), pp. 3.
USEPA. (1996). Drinking Water Regulations and Health Advisories, EPA 822-B-96-002 (Washington, D.C.: Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency).
USEPA. (1989). EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3 (PB90-143025) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 318.
USEPA. (1996). Status of Chemicals in Special Review EPA-738-A-96-042 (Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances).
USEPA. (1998). Tolerances and Exemptions from Tolerances for Pesticide Chemicals in or on Raw Agricultural Commodities, 40 CFR 180, Subpart A, B, and C. In Code of Federal Regulations, pp. 273-434.
Evidence of Cancer in Humans (non-breast sites)
Schreinemachers, DM, Creason, JP, Garry, VF (1999) Cancer mortality in agricultural regions of Minnesota. Environmental Health Perspectives 107: 205-211.
Zahm, SH (1997) Mortality study of pesticide applicators and other employees of a lawn care service company. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 39: 1055-1067.
Evidence of Cancer in Animals (non-mammary sites)
FAO/WHO. (1993). Pesticides Residues in Food -1993 (Mancozeb). In Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, pp. 257-289.
Hurley, P., Hill, R., and Whiting, R. (1998). Mode of carcinogenic action of pesticides inducing thyroid follicular cell tumors in rodents. Environmental Health Perspectives 106, 437-445.
Mehrotra, N. K., Kumar, S., and Shukla, Y. (1987). Tumour initiating activity of mancozeb-A carbamate fungicide in mouse skin. Cancer Letters 36, 1987.
Shukla, Y., Antony, M., Kumar, S., and Mehrotra, N. K. (1990). Carcinogenic activity of a carbamate fungicide, mancozeb on mouse skin. Cancer Letters 53, 191-195.
Szepvolgyi, J., Nagy, K., Sajgone Vukan, K., Regoly-Merei, A., Soos, K., Toth, K., Pinter, A., and Antal, M. (1989). Subacute toxicological examination of Dithane M-45. Food and Chemical Toxicology 27, 531-538.
Trivedi, N., Kakkar, R., Srivastava, M. K., Mithal, A., and Raizada, R. B. (1993). Effect of oral administration of fungicide-mancozeb on thyroid gland of rat. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 31, 564-566.
Classifications of Carcinogenicity by Other Agencies
IARC. (1987). Overall evaluations of carcinogenicity: an updating of IARC Monographs volumes 1 to 42; Chlordane/Heptachlor (Group 3). In IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (Lyon, France: IARC, World Health Organization), pp. 146-148.
USDHHS. (1998). Report on Carcinogens, Eighth Edition Summary, 1998; Reserpine. In Reserpine CAS No. 50-5-5, I. L. Systems, ed. (Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, and the National Toxicology Program), pp. 187-188.
USEPA. (1989). EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3 (PB90-143025) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 318.
USEPA. (1987). Guidance for the Reregistration of Pesticide Products Containing Mancozeb as the Active Ingredient (PB88-156419) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides Programs), pp. 241.
Vettorazzi, G., Almeida, W. F., Burin, G. J., Jaeger, R. B., Puga, F. R., Rahde, A. F., Reyes, F. G., and Schvartsman, S. (1995). International safety assessment of pesticides: Dithiocarbamate pesticides, ETU, and PTU-A review and update. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 15, 313-317.
Evidence of Mammary Cancer in Experimental Animals
FAO/WHO (1993) Pesticides Residues in Food -1993 (Mancozeb). In Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, pp. 257-289.
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Evidence of Endocrine Disruption
Nicolau, G (1982) Circadian rhythms of RNA, DNA, and protein content in the rat thyroid, adrenal, and testis in chronic pesticide exposure-Effects of a fungicide (mancozeb). Endocrinology 20: 249-257.
Soto, AM, Sonnenschein, C, Chung, KL, Fernandez, MF, Olea, N, Serrano, FO (1995) The E-Screen Assay as a tool to identify estrogens: An update on estrogenic environmental pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives 103: 113-122.
Reproductive and Teratogenic Effects
IPCS (1988) Dithiocarbamate Pesticides, Ethylenethiourea, and Propylenethiourea: A General Introduction. In Environmental Health Criteria 78 (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization), pp. 140.
Kackar, R, Srivastava, MK, Raizada, RB (1997) Induction of gonadal toxicity to male rats after chronic exposure to mancozeb. Industrial Health 35: 104-111.
Larsson, KS, Arnander, C, Cekanova, E, Kjellberg, M (1976) Studies of teratogenic effects of the dithiocarbamates maneb, mancozeb, and propineb. Teratology 14: 171-184.
Lu, M, Kennedy, GL (1986) Teratogenic evaluation of mancozeb in the rat following inhalation exposure. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 84: 355-368.
Restrepo, M, Munoz, N, Day, NE, Parra, JE, de Romero, L, Nguyen-Dinh, X (1990) Prevalence of adverse reproductive outcomes in a population occupationally exposed to pesticides in Colombia. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Environmental Health 16: 232-238.
Solomon, HM, Lutz, MF (1989) Mancozeb: Oral (gavage) developmental toxicity study in rabbits. Teratology 39: 483.
De Lorenzo, F, Staiano, N, Silengo, L, Cortese, R (1978) Mutagenicity of diallate, sulfallate, triallate, and relationship between structure and mutagenic effects of carbamates used widely in agriculture. Cancer Research 38: 13-15.
FAO/WHO (1993) Pesticides Residues in Food -1993 (Mancozeb). In Joint FAO/WHO Meeting on Pesticide Residues, pp. 257-289.
Garrett, NE, Stack, HF, Waters, MD (1986) Evaluation of genetic activity profiles for sixty-five pesticides. Mutation Research 168: 301-325.
Georgian, L, Moraru, I, Draghicescu, T, Dinu, I, Ghizelea, G (1983) Cytogenetic effects of alachlor and mancozeb. Mutation Research 116: 341-348.
Jablonicka, A, Polakova, H, Karelova, J, Vargova, M (1989) Analysis of chromosome aberrations and sister-chromatid exchanges in peripheral blood lymphocytes of workers with occupational exposure to the mancozeb-containing fungicide Novozir Mn80. Mutation Research 224: 143-146.
Kahn, E (1980) Epidemiology of field re-entry poisoning. Journal of Environmental Pathology and Toxicology 4: 323-330.
Kahn, HS, Tatham, LM, Heath Jr., CW (1997) Contrasting factors associated with abdominal and peripheral weight gain among adult women. International Journal of Obesity 21: 903-911.
Kahn, P (1996) Coming to grips with genes and risk. Science 274: 496-498.
Perocco, P, Santucci, MA, Campani, AG, Forti, GC (1989) Toxic and DNA-damaging activities of the fungicides mancozeb and thiram (TMTD) on human lymphocytes in vitro. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 9: 75-81.
Siebert, D, Zimmermann, K, Lemperle, E (1970) Genetic effects of fungicides. Mutation Research 10: 533-543.
Steenland, K, Cedillo, L, Tucker, J, Hines, C, Sorensen, K, Deddens, J, Cruz, V (1997) Thyroid hormones and cytogenetic outcomes in backpack sprayers using ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) (EBDC) fungicides in Mexico. Environmental Health Perspectives 10: 1126-1130.
Vargova, M, Jablonicka, A, Karelova, J, Polakova, H, Janota, S (1987) Monitoring of workers occupationally exposed to mankozeb. Mutation Research 181: 318.
Vasudev, V, Krishnamurthy, NB (1980) Non-mutagenicity of the fungicide dithane M-45 as inducer of recessive lethals after larval feeding in Drosophila melanogaster. Mutation Research 77: 189-191.
Warren, G, Skaar, P, Rogers, S (1976) Genetic activity of dithiocarbamate and thiocarbamoyl disulfide fungicides in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salmonella typhimurium, and Escherichia coli. Mutation Research 38: 391-392.
Gupta, K. P., and Mehrotra, N. K. (1992). Status of ornithine decarboxylase activity and DNA synthesis in mancozeb-exposed mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 13, 131-133.
Mehrotra, N. K., Kumar, S., and Shukla, Y. (1990). Enhancement of tumor-initiating activity of DMBA by the carbamate fungicide mancozeb. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology' 44, 39-45.
Mehrotra, N. K., Kumar, S., and Shukla, Y. (1987). Tumour initiating activity of mancozeb-A carbamate fungicide in mouse skin. Cancer Letters 36, 1987.
Monis, B., and Valentich, M. (1993). Promoting effects of mancozeb on pancreas of nitrosomethylurea-treated rats. Carcinogenesis 14, 929-933.
Shukla, Y., Antony, M., Kumar, S., and Mehrotra, N. K. (1990). Carcinogenic activity of a carbamate fungicide, mancozeb on mouse skin. Cancer Letters 53, 191-195.
Shukla, Y., Antony, M., Kumar, S., and Mehrotra, N. K. (1988). Tumour-promoting ability of mancozeb, a carbamate fungicide, on mouse skin. Carcinogenesis 9, 1511-1512.
Valentich, M. A., Cook, T., and Urrutia, R. (1996). Expression of dynamin immunoreactivity in experimental pancreatic tumors induced in rat by mancozeb-nitrosomethylurea. Cancer Letters 102, 23-29.
Bruze, M, Fregert, S (1983) Allergic contact dermatitis from ethylene thiourea. Contact Dermatitis 9: 208-212.
Colosio, C, Barcellini, W, Maroni, M, Alcini, D, Bersani, M, Cavallo, D, Galli, A, Meroni, P, Pastorelli, R, Rizzardi, GP, Soleo, L, Foa, V (1996) Immunomodulatory effects of occupational exposure to mancozeb. Archives of Environmental Health 51: 445-451.
Iliev, D, Elsner, P (1997) Short communications - allergic contact dermatitis from the fungicide Rondo-M and the insecticide Alfacron. Contact Dermatitis 36: 51-55.
Koch, P (1996) Occupational allergic contact dermatitis and airborne contact dermatitis from 5 fungicides in a vineyard worker - Cross reactions between fungicides of the dithiocarbamate group? Contact Dermatitis 34: 324-329.
Matsushita, T, Arimatsu, Y, Nomura, S (1976) Experimental study on contact dermatitis caused by dithiocarbamates maneb, mancozeb, zineb, and their related compounds. Occupational and Environmental Health 37: 169-178.
Aprea, C, Sciarra, G, Sartorelli, P, Mancini, R, Di Luca, V (1998) Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to mancozeb, ethylenethiourea, and dimethoate during industrial formulation. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 53: 263-281.
Kurttio, P, Savolainen, K (1990) Ethylenethiourea in air and in urine as an indicator of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 16: 203-207.
Kurttio, P, Vartiainen, T, Savolainen, K (1990) Environmental and biological monitoring of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides and ethylenethiourea. British Journal of Industrial Medicine 47: 203-206.
Mumma, R, Brandes, G, Gordon, C (1985) Exposure of applicators and mixer-loaders during the application of mancozeb by airplanes, airblast sprayers, and compressed-air backpack sprayers. ACS Symposium Series 273: 201-219.
Nanni, O, Ricci, M, Lugaresi, C, Amadori, D, Falcini, F, Buiatti, E (1993) Iterative use of a priori exposure matrices to improve the characterization of chemical exposures in agricultural work studies. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment and Health 19: 191-199.
Pastorelli, R, Allevi, R, Romagnano, S, Meli, G, Fanelli, R, Airoldi, L (1995) Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of ethylenethiourea hemoglobin adducts: A possible indicator of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamate pesticides. Archives of Toxicology 69: 306-311.
Savolainen, K, Kurttio, P, Vartiainen, T, Kangas, J (1989) Ethylenethiourea as an indicator of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides. Archives of Toxicology Supplement 13: 120-123.
Potential Exposure for the General Population
Environmental Fate: Food and Water Residues
Casanova, M., and Guichon, R. (1988). Residues of EBDC fungicides and ETU in experimental and commercial beverages (beer and wine). Journal of Environmental Science and Health B23, 179-188.
Hajslova, J., Kocourek, V., Jehlickova, Z., and Davidek, J. (1986). The fate of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides during processing of contaminated apples. Zeitshrift fuer Lebensmittel Untersuchung und Forschung 183, 348-351.
IPCS. (1988). Dithiocarbamate Pesticides, Ethylenethiourea, and Propylenethiourea: A General Introduction. In Environmental Health Criteria 78 (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization), pp. 140.
Lentza-Rizos, C. (1990). Ethylenethiourea (ETU) in relation to use of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 115, 1-37.
Newsome, W. H. (1979). Residues of mancozeb, 2-imidazoline, and ethyleneurea in tomato and potato crops after field treatment with mancozeb. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 27, 1188-1190.
Patsakos, P. G., Liapis, K., Miliadis, G. E., and Zafiriou, K. (1992). Mancozeb residues on field sprayed apricots. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 48, 756-761.
Rosenberg, C., and Siltanen, H. (1979). Residues of mancozeb and ethylenethiourea in grain samples. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 22, 475-478.
USEPA. (1989). EBDC Special Review: Technical Support Document 2/3 (PB90-143025) (Washington, DC: EPA, Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances), pp. 318.
Roperto, F, Galati, D (1998) Exposure of nonmigratory pigeons to mancozeb: a sentinel model for humans. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 54: 459-466.
Storage and Excretion of Mancozeb in Mammals
IPCS (1988) Dithiocarbamate Pesticides, Ethylenethiourea, and Propylenethiourea: A General Introduction. In Environmental Health Criteria 78 (Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Environment Programme, International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization), pp. 140.
Kurttio, P, Savolainen, K (1990) Ethylenethiourea in air and in urine as an indicator of exposure to ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides. Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health 16: 203-207.
Paulson, G (1977) Biological coversions of fungicides in animals. In Antifungal Compounds - Interactions in Biological and Ecological Systems, M. Siegel and H. Sisler, eds. (New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc), pp. 149-208.
Prepared by Saemi Mathews, Research Assistant, and
Renu Gandhi, Ph.D., Research Associate
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