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This bibliography is provided as a service to our readers. It is compiled from the entries in the BCERF Environmental Risk Factors Bibliographic Database.
This bibliography is arranged topically. The topics include:
Alaee, M., Arias, P., Sjödin, A., and Bergman, A. (2003). An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment International 29, 683-689.
ATSDR (2004). Polybrominated Biphenyls (PBBs), fact sheet (Atlanta, GA, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry).
Birnbaum, L. S., and Staskal, D. F. (2004). Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern? Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 9-17.
Canonizado, F. (2005). Body of evidence II: latest science on the dangers of deca-BDE in consumer products (Chicago, IL, Illinois PIRG Education Fund), pp. 1-35.
Darnerud, P. O., Eriksen, G. S., Jóhannesson, T., Larsen, P. B., and Viluksela, M. (2001). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 49-68.
de Wit, C. A. (2002). An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere 46, 583-624.
Hale, R. C., Alaee, M., Manchester-Neesvig, J. B., Stapleton, H. M., and Ikonomou, M. G. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environment International 29, 771-779.
Henderson, A. K., Rosen, D., Miller, G. L., Figgs, L. W., Zahm, S. H., Sieber, S. M., Humphrey, H. E. B., and Sinks, T. (1995). Breast cancer among women exposed to polybrominated biphenyls. Epidemiology 6, 544-546.
Law, R. J., Allchin, C. R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C. A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
Madsen, T., Lee, S., and Olle, T. (2003). Growing Threats: Toxic Flame Retardants and Children's Health (Los Angeles, CA, Environment California Research and Policy Center).
McDonald, T. A. (2002). A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs. Chemosphere 46, 745-755.
Montague, P. (2001). Here We Go Again: PBDEs. In Rachel's Environment & Health News, October 24, 2001 (New Brunswick, NJ, Environmental Research Foundation).
Palm, A., Cousins, I. T., Mackay, D., Tysklind, M., Metcalfe, C., and Alace, M. (2002). Assessing the environmental fate of chemicals of emerging concern: a case study of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environmental Pollution 117, 195-213.
Prevedouros, K., Jones, K. C., and Sweetman, A. J. (2004). Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3224-3231.
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Chi, K., Joseph, J., Harris, T. R., and Dahlgren, J. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 47, 199-211.
Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Papke, O., Ryan, J. J., Birnbaum, L., and Rosen, R. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1723-1729.
Schubert, C. (2001). Burned by flame retardants? Science News 160, 238-239.
Siddiqi, M. A., Laessig, R. H., and Reed, K. D. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): new pollutants-old diseases. Clinical Medicine and Research 1, 281-290.
Birnbaum, L.S., and Hubal, E.A.C. (2006). Poiybrominated diphenyl ethers: a case study for using biomonitoring data to address risk assessment questions. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 1700-1750.
Hui-Ying, X., Jain-Wie, Z., Quing-Sen, Y., Yan-Hua, W., Jian-Ying, A., and Hai-Xio, J. (2006). QSPR/QSAR models for prediction of the physicochemical properties and biological activity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Chemosphere in press.
KEML (1999). Phase-out of PBDEs and PBBs: Report on a governmental commission (order report from kemi@cm.se) (Solna, Sweden, The Swedish National Chemicals Inspectorate (KEMI-Kemikalieinspektionen)), pp. 1-34.
Wenning, R.J. (2002). Uncertainties and data needs in risk assessment of three commercial polybrominated diphenyl ethers: probabilistic exposure analysis and comparison with European Commission results. Chemosphere 46, 779-796.
Hardy, M.L. (2002). The toxicology of the three commercial polybrominated diphenyl oxide (ether) flame retardants. Chemosphere 46, 757-777.
Huwe, J., Hakk, H., and Lorentzsen, M. (2007). Bioavailability and mass balance studies of a commercial pentabromodiphenyl ether mixture in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chemosphere 66, 259-266.
Staskal, D.F., Hakk, H., Bauer, D., Diliberto, J.J., and Birnbaum, L.S. (2006). Toxicokinetics of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners 47, 99, 100, and 153 in mice. Toxicological Sciences 94, 28-37.
Wang, Y., Liu, H., Zhao, C., Liu, H., Cai, Z., and Jiang, G. (2005). Quantitative structure-activity relationship models for prediction of the toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 4961-4966.
Alaee, M., Arias, P., Sjödin, A., and Bergman, A. (2003). An overview of commercially used brominated flame retardants, their applications, their use patterns in different countries/regions and possible modes of release. Environment International 29, 683-689.
BSEF (2004). Brominated Flame Retardant Deca-BDE, Decabromodiphenyl ether, fact sheet (Brussels, Belgium, Bromine Science and Environmental Forum).
Darnerud, P. O., Eriksen, G. S., Jóhannesson, T., Larsen, P. B., and Viluksela, M. (2001). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 49-68.
Prevedouros, K., Jones, K. C., and Sweetman, A. J. (2004). Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3224-3231.
Elimination, Reduction or Alternatives in Industry
Elimination of use or reduced use:
DELL (2005). Safer Products--Industry Leaders: DELL, http://safer-products.org/page.php?p=indu&s=dell.
IKEA (2005). Safer Products--Industry Leaders: IKEA, http://safer-products.org/page.php?p=indu&s=ikea.
SiliconValleyToxicsCoalition. Halogen Elimination, http://www.svtc.org/cleancc/greendesign/halofree.htm.
Alternatives:
LCSP (2005). Decabromodiphenylether: an investigation of non-halogen substitutes in electronic enclosure and textile applications, downloadable at http://www.sustainableproduction.org/proj.clea.publ.shtml (Lowell, MA, Lowell Center for Sustainable Production, University of Massachusetts at Lowell), pp. 1-63.
McPherson, A., Thorpe, B., and Blake, A. (2004). Brominated flame retardants in dust on computers: the case for safer chemicals and better computer design (Clean Production Action), pp. 3-43.
McElroy, J. A., Kanarek, M. S., Trentham-Dietz, A., Robert, S. A., Hampton, J. M., Newcomb, P., Anderson, H. A., and Remington, P. L. (2004). Potential exposure to PCBs, DDT, and PBDEs from sport-caught fish consumption in relationship to breast cancer risk in Wisconsin. Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 156-162.
Hardell, L., Bavel, B., Lindström, G., Eriksson, M., and Carlberg, M. (2006). In utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants in relation to testicular cancer risk. International Journal of Andrology 39, 228-234.
Hardell, L., Bavel, B., Lindström, G., Eriksson, M., and Carlberg, M. (2006). In utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants in relation to testicular cancer risk. International Journal of Andrology 39, 228-234.
Lilienthal, H., Hack, A., Roth-Harer, A., Grande, S. W., and Talsness, C. E. (2006). Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 194-201.
Endocrine Disruption: Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Pathways
Brown, D. J., Van Overmeire, I., Goeyens, L., Denison, M. S., De Vito, M. J., and Clark, G. C. (2004). Analysis of Ah receptor pathway activation by brominated flame retardants. Chemosphere 55, 1509-1518.
Chen, G., and Bunce, N. J. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers as Ah receptor agonists and antagonists. Toxicological Sciences 76, 310-330.
Hamers, T., Kamstra, J. H., Sonneyeld, E., Murk, A. J., Kester, M. H., Andersson, P. L., Legler, J., and Brouwer, A. (2006). In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. Toxicological Sciences 92, 157-173.
Peters, A. K., Nijmeijer, S., Gradin, K., Backlund, M., Bergman, A., Poellinger, L., Denison, M. S., and van den Berg, M. (2006). Interactions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway. Toxicological Science 92, 133-142.
Sanders, J. M., Burka, L. T., Smith, C. S., Black, W., James, R., and Cunningham, M. (2005). Differential expression of CYP1A, 2B, and 3A genes in the rat following exposure to a polybrominated diphenyl ether mixture or individual components. Toxicological Science 88, 127-133.
Endocrine Disruption: Estrogenicity
Ceccatelli, R., Faass, O., Schlumpf, M., and Lichtensteiger, W. (2006). Gene expression and estrogen sensitivity in rat uterus after developmental exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether PBDE 99 and PCB. Toxicology 220, 104-116.
Hamers, T., Kamstra, J. H., Sonneyeld, E., Murk, A. J., Kester, M. H., Andersson, P. L., Legler, J., and Brouwer, A. (2006). In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. Toxicological Sciences 92, 157-173.
Meerts, I. A. T. M., Letcher, R. J., Hoving, S., Marsh, G., Bergman, A., Lemmen, J. G., van der Burg, B., and Brouwer, A. (2001). In vitro estrogenicity of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, hydroxylated PBDEs, and polybrominated bisphenol A compounds. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 399-407.
Samuelson, M., Olsen, C., Holme, J. A., Meussen-Elholm, E., Bergmann, A., and Hongsol, J. K. (2001). Estrogen-like properties of brominated analogs of bisphenol A in the MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line. Cell Biology and Toxicology 17, 139-151.
Siddiqi, M. A., Laessig, R. H., and Reed, K. D. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): new pollutants-old diseases. Clinical Medicine and Research 1, 281-290.
Verslycke, T. A., Vethaak, A. D., Arijs, K., and Janssen, C. R. (2005). Flame retardants, surfactants and organotins in sediment and mysid shrimp of the Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands). Environmental Pollution 136, 19-31.
Endocrine Disruption: Reproduction
Hardell, L., Bavel, B., Lindström, G., Eriksson, M., and Carlberg, M. (2006). In utero exposure to persistent organic pollutants in relation to testicular cancer risk. International Journal of Andrology 39, 228-234.
Lilienthal, H., Hack, A., Roth-Harer, A., Grande, S. W., and Talsness, C. E. (2006). Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 194-201.
Stoker, T. E., Laws, S. C., Crofton, K. M., Hedge, J. M., Ferrell, J. M., and Cooper, R. L. (2004). Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols. Toxicological Sciences 78, 144-155.
Endocrine Disruption: Thyroid Hormone
Brown, V. (2003). Disrupting a delicate balance: environmental effects on the thyroid. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, A642-A649.
Ellis-Hutchings, R. G., Cherr, G. N., Hanna, L. A., and Keen, C. L. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-induced alterations in vitamin A and thyroid hormone concentrations in the rat during lactation and early postnatal development. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, in press.
Fernie, K. J., Shutt, J. L., Mayne, G., Hoffman, D., Letcher, R. J., Drouillard, K. G., and Ritchie, I. J. (2005). Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): changes in thyroid, vitamin A, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Toxicological Sciences 88, 375-383.
Hallgren, S., and Darnerud, P. O. (2002). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and chlorinated paraffins (CPs) in rats--testing interactions and mechanisms for thyroid hormone effects. Toxicology 177, 227-243.
Hamers, T., Kamstra, J. H., Sonneyeld, E., Murk, A. J., Kester, M. H., Andersson, P. L., Legler, J., and Brouwer, A. (2006). In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. Toxicological Sciences 92, 157-173.
Julander, A., Karlsson, M., Hagstrom, K., Ohlson, C. G., Engwall, M., Bryngelsson, I.-L., Westberg, H., and van Bavel, B. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers--plasma levels and thyroid status of workers at an electronic recycling facility. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 78, 584-592.
Kuriyama, S. N., Talsness, C. E., Grote, K., and Chahoud, I. (2005). Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 149-154.
McDonald, T. A. (2002). A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs. Chemosphere 46, 745-755.
Stoker, T. E., Laws, S. C., Crofton, K. M., Hedge, J. M., Ferrell, J. M., and Cooper, R. L. (2004). Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols. Toxicological Sciences 78, 144-155.
Tomy, G. T., Palace, V. P., Halldorson, T., Braekevelt, E., Danell, R., Wautier, K., Evans, B., Brinkworth, L., and Fisk, A. T. (2004). Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Environmental Science and Technology 38, 1496-1504.
Madsen, T., Lee, S., and Olle, T. (2003). Growing Threats: Toxic Flame Retardants and Children's Health (Los Angeles, CA, Environment California Research and Policy Center).
Balch, G. C., Velez-Espino, L. A., Sweet, C., Alaee, M., and Metcalfe, C. D. (2006). Inhibition of metamorphosis in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis exposed to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Chemosphere 64, 328-338.
Talsness, C. E., Shakibaei, M., Kuriyama, S. N., Grande, S. W., Sterner-Kock, A., Schnitker, P., de Souza, C., Grote, K., and Chahoud, I. (2005). Ultrastructural changes observed in rat ovaries following in utero and lactational exposure to low doses of a polybrominated flame retardant. Toxicology Letters 157, 189-202.
Fernie, K. J., Mayne, G., Laird Shutt, J., Pekarik, C., Grasman, K. A., Letcher, R. J., and Drouillard, K. (2005). Evidence of immunomodulation in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant PBDEs. Environmental Pollution 138, 485-493.
Alm, H., Scholz, B., Fischer, C., Kultima, K., Viberg, H., Eriksson, P., Dencker, L., and Stigson, M. (2006). Proteomic evaluation of neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 254-259.
Branchi, I., Capone, F., Alleva, E., and Costa, L.G. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: neurobehavioral effects following developmental exposure. Neurotoxicology 24, 449-462.
Eriksson, P., Fischer, C., and Fredriksson, A. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, a group of brominated flame retardants, can interact with polychlorinated biphenyls in enhancing developmental neurobehavioral defects. Toxicological Sciences 94, 302-309.
Hamers, T., Kamstra, J.H., Sonneyeld, E., Murk, A.J., Kester, M.H., Andersson, P.L., Legler, J., and Brouwer, A. (2006). In vitro profiling of the endocrine disrupting potency of brominated flame retardants. Toxicological Sciences 92, 157-173.
Kodavanti, P.R., Ward, T.R., Ludewig, G., Robertson, L.W., and Birnbaum, L.S. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) effects in rat neuronal cultures: 14C-PBDE accumulation, biological effects, and structure-activity relationships. Toxicological Sciences 88, 181-192.
Kuriyama, S.N., Talsness, C.E., Grote, K., and Chahoud, I. (2005). Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 149-154.
McDonald, T.A. (2002). A perspective on the potential health risks of PBDEs. Chemosphere 46, 745-755.
Reistad, T., Fonnum, F., and Mariussen, E. (2006). Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-171, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro. Archives of Toxicology in press.
Viberg, H., Johansson, N., Fredriksson, A., Eriksson, J., Marsh, G., and Eriksson, P. (2006). Neonatal exposure to higher brominated diphenyl ethers, heptabromo- (PBDE 183), octabromo- (PBDE 203) or nonabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE 206), impairs spontaneous behaviour, and learning and memory functions of adult mice. Toxicological Sciences in press.
Ceccatelli, R., Faass, O., Schlumpf, M., and Lichtensteiger, W. (2006). Gene expression and estrogen sensitivity in rat uterus after developmental exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether PBDE 99 and PCB. Toxicology 220, 104-116.
Chao, H.-R., Wang, S.-L., Lee, W.-J., Wang, Y.-F., and Papke, O. (2006). Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. Environment International in press.
Kuriyama, S.N., Talsness, C.E., Grote, K., and Chahoud, I. (2005). Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: effects on male fertility and neurobehavior in rat offspring. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 149-154.
Lilienthal, H., Hack, A., Roth-Harer, A., Grande, S.W., and Talsness, C.E. (2006). Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 194-201.
Stoker, T.E., Laws, S.C., Crofton, K.M., Hedge, J.M., Ferrell, J.M., and Cooper, R.L. (2004). Assessment of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, in the EDSP male and female pubertal protocols. Toxicological Sciences 78, 144-155.
Talsness, C.E., Shakibaei, M., Kuriyama, S.N., Grande, S.W., Sterner-Kock, A., Schnitker, P., de Souza, C., Grote, K., and Chahoud, I. (2005). Ultrastructural changes observed in rat ovaries following in utero and lactational exposure to low doses of a polybrominated flame retardant. Toxicology Letters 157, 189-202.
Tseng, L.-H., Lee, C.-W., Pan, M.-H., Tsai, S.-S., Li, M.-H., Chen, J.-R., Lay, J.-J., and Hsu, P.-C. (2006). Postnatal exposure of the male mouse to 2,2',3,3',4,4',5,5',6,6'-decabrominated diphenyl ether: Decreased epididymal sperm functions without alterations in DNA content and histology in testis. Toxicology 224, 33-43.
Structure-Activity Relationships
Kodavanti, P. R., Ward, T. R., Ludewig, G., Robertson, L. W., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) effects in rat neuronal cultures: 14C-PBDE accumulation, biological effects, and structure-activity relationships. Toxicological Sciences 88, 181-192.
Wang, Y., Liu, H., Zhao, C., Liu, H., Cai, Z., and Jiang, G. (2005). Quantitative structure--activity relationship models for prediction of the toxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 4961-4966.
(2004). Flame retardants in the bodies of Pacific Northwest residents (Seattle, Washington, Northwest Environment Watch), pp. 1-22.
Bi, X., Qu, W., Sheng, G., Zhang, W., Mai, B., Chen, D., Yu, L., and Fu, J. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk. Environmental Pollution in press.
Chao, H.-R., Wang, S.-L., Lee, W.-J., Wang, Y.-F., and Papke, O. (2006). Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from central Taiwan and their relation to infant birth outcome and maternal menstruation effects. Environment International in press.
Eslami, B., Koizumi, A., Ohta, S., Inoue, K., Aozasa, O., Harada, K., Yoshinaga, T., Date, C., Fujii, S., Fujimine, Y., Hachiya, N., Hirosawa, I., Koda, S., Kusaka, Y., Murata, K., Nakatsuka, H., Omae, K., Saito, N., Shimbo, S., Takenaka, K., Takeshita, T., Todoriki, H., Wada, Y., Watanabe, H., and Ikeda, M. (2005). Large-scale evaluation of the current level of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in breast milk from 13 regions of Japan. Chemosphere 64, 554-561.
Fangstrom, B., Strid, A., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., and Bergman, A. (2005). A retrospective study of PBDEs and PCBs in human milk from the Faroe Islands,. Environmental Health 4.
Furst, P. (2006). Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 50, 922-933.
Guvenius, D.M., and Norén, K. (2001). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. The follow-up study. Paper presented at: Second International Workshop on Brominated Flame Retardants (Stockholm, Sweden, Firmatryck).
Hooper, K., and McDonald, T.A. (2000). The PBDEs: an emerging environmental challenge and another reason for breast-milk monitoring programs. Environmental Health Perspectives 108, 387-392.
Inoue, K., Harada, K., Takenaka, K., Uehara, S., Kono, M., Shimizu, T., Takasuga, T., Senthilkumar, K., Yamashita, F., and Koizumi, A. (2006). Levels and concentration ratios of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in serum and breast milk in Japanese mothers. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 1179-1185.
Jaraczewska, K., Lulek, J., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Kaluba-Skotarczak, A., Drews, K., and Schepens, P. (2006). Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland. Science of the Total Environment in press.
Kalantzi, O.I., Martin, F.L., Thomas, G.O., Alcock, R.E., Tang, H.R., Drury, S.C., Carmichael, P.L., Nicholson, J.K., and Jones, K.C. (2004). Different levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and chlorinated compounds in breast milk from two U.K. regions. Envronmental Health Perspectives 112, 1085-1091.
Meironyté, D., Noren, K., and Bergman, A. (1999). Analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Swedish human milk. A time-related trend study, 1972-1997. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 58, 329-341.
Needham, L.L., and Wang, R.Y. (2002). Analytic considerations for measuring environmental chemicals in breast milk. Environmental Health Perspectives 110, A317-A314.
Schecter, A., Pavuk, M., Papke, O., Ryan, J.J., Birnbaum, L., and Rosen, R. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. mothers' milk. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1723-1729.
Truant, P. (2005). Toxic chemicals making their way into mother's breast milk. The Nation's Health.
Tsydenova, O.V., Sudaryanto, A., Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Batoev, V.B., and Tanabe, S. (2006). Organohalogen compounds in human breast milk from Republic of Buryatia, Russia. Environmental Pollution in press.
Covaci, A., de Boer, J., Ryan, J.J., Voorspoels, S., and Schepens, P. (2002). Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue by large-volume injection--narrow-bore capillary gas chromatography/electron impact low-resolution mass spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry 74, 790-798.
Hites, R.A. (2004). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 945-956.
Johnston-Restrepo, B., Kannan, K., Rapaport, D.P., and Rodan, B.D. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in human adipose tissue from New York. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 5177-5182.
Li, Q.Q., Loganath, A., Chong, Y.S., Tan, J., and Obbard, J.P. (2006). Levels of persistent organic pollutant residues in human adipose and muscle tissues in Singapore. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69, 1927-1937.
Naert, C., Piette, M., Bruneel, N., and Van Peteghem, C. (2006). Occurrence of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Belgian human adipose tissue samples. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 50, 290-296.
Petreas, M., She, J., Brown, R.F., Winkler, J., Windham, G., Rogers, E., Zhao, G., Bhatia, R., and Charles, J., M. (2003). High body burdens of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in California women. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1175-1179.
She, J., Petreas, M., Winkler, J., Visita, P., McKinney, M., and Kopec, D. (2002). PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measuremments in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere 46, 697-707.
Washam, C. (2003). Concentrating of PBDEs; chemical levels rise in women (Environews). Environmental Health Perspectives 111, A480-A481.
Human Liver (Fetus and Newborn)
Schecter, A., Johnson-Welch, S., Tung, K.-C., Harris, R.T., Päpke, O., and Rosen, R. (2007). Polybrominated biphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in livers of U.S. human fetuses and newborns. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 70, 1-6.
Bi, X., Qu, W., Sheng, G., Zhang, W., Mai, B., Chen, D., Yu, L., and Fu, J. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in South China maternal and fetal blood and breast milk. Environmental Pollution in press.
Dirtu, A.C., Cernat, R., Dragan, D., Mocanu, R., Van Grieken, R., Neels, H., and Covaci, A. (2006). Organohalogenated pollutants in human serum from Iassy, Romania and their relation with age and gender. Environment International 32, 797-803.
Fangstrom, B., Hovander, L., Bignert, A., Athanassiadis, I., Linderholm, L., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., and Bergman, A. (2005). Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, and polychlorobiphenylols in serum from pregnant Faroese women and their children 7 years later. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 9457-9463.
Fischer, D., Hooper, K., Athanasiadou, M., Athanassiadis, I., and Bergman, A. (2006). Children show highest levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a California family of four: a case study. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 1581-1584.
Gomara, B., Herrero, L., Bordajandi, L.R., and Gonzalez, M.J. (2006). Quantitative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in adipose tissue, human serum and foodstuff samples by gas chromatography with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 20, 69-74.
Guvenius, D.M., Aronsson, A., Ekman-Ordeberg, G., Bergman, A., and Koidu, N. (2003). Human prenatal and postnatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorobiphenylols, and pentachlorophenol. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1235-1241.
Houlihan, J., Kropp, T., Wiles, R., Gray, S., and Campbell, C. (2005). BodyBurden: the pollution in newborns, http://www.ewg.org/reports/bodyburden2/execsumm.php, A. Greene, ed. (Washington, DC Oakland, CA, Environmental Working Group), pp. 2-83.
Jaraczewska, K., Lulek, J., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Kaluba-Skotarczak, A., Drews, K., and Schepens, P. (2006). Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human umbilical cord serum, maternal serum and milk from Wielkopolska region, Poland. Science of the Total Environment in press.
Julander, A., Karlsson, M., Hagstrom, K., Ohlson, C.G., Engwall, M., Bryngelsson, I.-L., Westberg, H., and van Bavel, B. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers – plasma levels and thyroid status of workers at an electronic recycling facility. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health 78, 584-592.
Koizumi, A., Yoshinaga, T., Harada, K., Inoue, K., Morikawa, A., Muroi, J., Inoue, S., Eslami, B., S., F., Fujimine, Y., Hachiya, N., Koda, S., Kusaka, Y., Murata , K., Nakatsuka, H., Omae, K., Saito, N., Shimbo, S., Takenaka, K., Takeshita, T., Todoriki, H., Wada, Y., Watanabe, T., and Ikeda, M. (2005). Assessment of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japan using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid-1990s. Environmental Research 99, 31-39.
Lee, S.-J., Ikonomou, M.G., Park, H., Baek, S.-Y., and Chang, Y.-S. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood from Korean incinerator workers and general population. Chemosphere.
Mazdai, A., Dodder, N.G., Abernathy, M.P., Hites, R.A., and Bigsby, R.M. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in maternal and fetal blood samples. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1249-1251.
Morland, K.B., Landrigan, P.J., Sjodin, A., Gobeille, A.K., Jones, R.S., McGahee, E.E., Needham, L.L., and Patterson Jr., D.G. (2005). Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers among urban anglers. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 1689-1692.
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Chi, K., Joseph, J., Harris, T.R., and Dahlgren, J. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the U.S. population: current levels, temporal trends, and comparison with dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 47, 199-211.
Sjödin, A., Jones, R.S., Focant, J.F., Lapeza, C., Wang, R.Y., McGahee, E.E., III, Zhang, Y., Turner, W.E., Slazyk, B., Needham, L.L., and Patterson, D.G., Jr. (2004). Retrospective time-trend study of polybrominated diphenyl ether and polybrominated and polychorinated biphenyl levels in human serum from the United States. Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 654-658.
Thomas, G.O., Wilkinson, M., Hodson, S., and Jones, K.C. (2006). Organohalogen chemicals in human blood from the United Kingdom. Environmental Pollution 141, 30-41.
Thomsen, C., Lundanes, E., and Becher, G. (2002). Brominated flame retardants in archived serum samples from Norway: a study on temporal trends and the role of age. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 1414-1418.
Thuresson, K., Hoglund, P., Hagmar, L., Sjodin, A., Bergman, A., and Jakobsson, K. (2006). Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 176-181.
Webster, P. (2004). Exposure to flame retardants on the rise. Science 304, 1730.
Elliott, J.E., Wilson, L.K., and Wakeford, B. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ether trends in eggs of marine and freshwater birds from British Columbia, Canada, 1979-2002. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 5584-5591.
Fangstrom, B., Athanasiadou, M., Athanassiadis, I., Bignert, A., Grandjean, P., Weihe, P., and Bergman, A. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and traditional organochlorine pollutants in fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis) from the Faroe Islands. Chemosphere 60, 836-843.
Fernie, K.J., Mayne, G., Laird Shutt, J., Pekarik, C., Grasman, K.A., Letcher, R.J., and Drouillard, K. (2005). Evidence of immunomodulation in nestling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant PBDEs. Environmental Pollution 138, 485-493.
Fernie, K.J., Shutt, J.L., Mayne, G., Hoffman, D., Letcher, R.J., Drouillard, K.G., and Ritchie, I.J. (2005). Exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs): changes in thyroid, vitamin A, glutathione homeostasis, and oxidative stress in American kestrels (Falco sparverius). Toxicological Sciences 88, 375-383.
Fernie, K.J., Shutt, J.L., Ritchie, I.J., Letcher, R.J., Drouillard, K., and Bird, D.M. (2006). Changes in the growth, but not the survival, of American kestrels (Falco sparverius) exposed to environmentally relevant polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 69, 1541-1554.
Herzke, D., Berger, U., Kallenborn, R., Nvgard, T., and Vetter, W. (2005). Brominated flame retardants and other organobromines in Norwegian predatory bird eggs. Chemosphere 61, 441-449.
Hites, R.A. (2004). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 945-956.
Jaspers, V., Covaci, A., Maervoet, J., Dauwe, T., Voorspoels, S., Schepens, P., and Eens, M. (2005). Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in eggs of little owls (Athene notua) from Belgium. Environmental Pollution 136, 81-88.
Jaspers, V.L.B., Covaci, A., Voorspoels, S., Dauwe, T., Eens, M., and Schepens, P. (2005). Brominated flame retardants and organochlorine pollutants in aquatic and terrestrial birds of Belguim: Levels, patterns, tissue distribution and condition factors. Environmental Pollution 139, 340-352.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C.A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
Lindberg, P., Sellstrom, U., Haggberg, L., and De Wit, C.A. (2004). Higher brominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane found in eggs of peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) breeding in Sweden. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 93-96.
McKinney, M.A., Cesh, L.S., Elliott, J.E., Williams, T.D., Garcelon, D.K., and Letcher, R.J. (2006). Brominated flame retardants and halogenated phenolic compounds in North American west coast bald eaglet (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) plasma. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 6275-6281.
Verreault, J., Gabrielsen, G.W., Chu, S., Muir, D.C.G., Andersen, M., Hamaed, A., and Letcher, R.J. (2005). Flame retardants and methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two Norwegian Arctic Top predators: glaucous gulls and polar bears. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 6021-6028.
Verreault, J., Villa, R.A., Gabrielsen, G.W., Skaare, J.U., and Letcher, R.J. (2006). Maternal transfer of organohalogen contaminants and metabolites to eggs of Arctic-breeding glaucous gulls. Environmental Pollution in press.
Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A., Lepom, P., Jaspers, V.L.B., and Schepens, P. (2006). Levels and distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in various tissues of birds of prey. Environmental Pollution, 1-10.
Braune, B.M., Outridge, P.M., Fisk, A.T., Muir, D.C.G., Helm, P.A., Hobbs, K., Hoekstra, P.F., Kuzyk, Z.A., Kwan, M., Letcher, R.J., Lockhart, W.L., Norstrom, R.J., Stern, G.A., and Stirling, I. (2005). Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic: An overview of spatial and temporal trends. Science of the Total Environment 351-352, 4-56.
Christensen, J.R., MacDuffee, M., Macdonald, R.W., Whiticar, M., and Ross, P.S. (2005). Persistent organic pollutants in British Columbia grizzly bears: consequence of divergent diets. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 6952-6960.
Dietz, R., Riget, F.F., Sonne, C., Letcher, R.J., Backus, S., Born, E.W., Kirkegaard, M., and Muir, D.C.G. (2006). Age and seasonal variability of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in free-ranging East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environmental Pollution in press.
Hites, R.A. (2004). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: a meta-analysis of concentrations. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 945-956.
Kajiwara, N., Ueno, D., Takahashi, A., Baba, N., and Tanabe, S. (2004). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochlorines in archived northern fur seal samples from the Pacific coast of Japan, 1972-1998. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3804-3809.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C.A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
McKinney, M.A., De Guise, S., Martineau, D., Beland, P., Arukwe, A., and Letcher, R.J. (2005). Biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and rat mammalian model using an in vitro hepatic microsomal assay. Aquatic Toxicology 77, 87-97.
Muir, D.C.G., Backus, S., Derocher, A.E., Dietz, R., Evans, T.J., Gabrielsen, G.W., Nagy, J., Norstrom, R.J., Sonne, C., Stirling, I., Taylor, M.K., and Letcher, R.J. (2006). Brominated flame retardants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Alaska, the Canadian Arctic, East Greenland, and Svalbard. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 449-455.
She, J., Petreas, M., Winkler, J., Visita, P., McKinney, M., Jones, R., and Kopec, A.D. (2000). Harbor seals as indicators of halogenated contaminants in San Francisco Bay. Organohalogen Compounds 49, 422-425.
She, J., Petreas, M., Winkler, J., Visita, P., McKinney, M., and Kopec, D. (2002). PBDEs in the San Francisco Bay Area: measurements in harbor seal blubber and human breast adipose tissue. Chemosphere 46, 697-707.
Sonne, C., Leifsson, P.S., Dietz, R., Born, E.W., Letcher, R.J., Hyldstrup, L., Riget, F.F., Kirkegaard, M., and Muir, D.C.G. (2006). Xenoendocrine polluants may reduce size of sexual organs in East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritmus). Environmental Science and Technology 40, 5668-5674.
Verreault, J., Gabrielsen, G.W., Chu, S., Muir, D.C.G., Andersen, M., Hamaed, A., and Letcher, R.J. (2005). Flame retardants and methoxylated and hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two Norwegian Arctic Top predators: glaucous gulls and polar bears. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 6021-6028.
Wolkers, H., Lydersen, C., Kovacs, K.M., Burkow, I., and van Bavel, B. (2006). Accumulation, metabolism, and food-chain transfer of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in subadult white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) and narwhals (Monodon monoceros) from Svalbard, Norway. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 50, 69-78.
Wolkers, H., van Bavel, B., Derocher, A.E., Wiig, Ø., Kovacs, K.M., Lydersen, C., and Lindström, G. (2004). Congener-specific accumulation and food chain transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two arctic food chains. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 1667-1674.
Anderson, T.D., and MacRae, J.D. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and wastewater samples from an area of the Penobscot River in Central Maine. Chemosphere 62, 1153-1160.
Boon, J.P., Lewis, W.E., Tjoen-A-Choy, M.R., Allchin, C.R., Law, R.J., de Boer, J., ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C.C., and Zegers, B.N. (2002). Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 4025-4032.
Burreau, S., Zebuhr, Y., Broman, D., and Ishaq, R. (2006). Biomagnification of PBDEs and PCBs in food webs from the Baltic Sea and the northern Atlantic Ocean. Science of the Total Environment 366, 659-672.
Chernyak, S.M., Rice, C.P., Quintal, R.T., Begnoche, L.J., Hickey, J.P., and Vinyards, B.T. (2005). Time trends (1983-1999) for organochlorines and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in rainbow trout (Osmerus mordaz) from lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior, USA. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 24, 1632-1641.
Christensen, J.H., Glasius, M., Pecseli, M., Platz, J., and Pritzl, G. (2002). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine fish and blue mussels from southern Greenland. Chemosphere 47, 631-638.
Christensen, J.H., and Platz, J. (2001). Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 3, 543-547.
Christensen, J.R., MacDuffee, M., Macdonald, R.W., Whiticar, M., and Ross, P.S. (2005). Persistent organic pollutants in British Columbia grizzly bears: consequence of divergent diets. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 6952-6960.
Dodder, N.G., Strandberg, B., and Hites, R.A. (2002). Concentrations and spatial variations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and several organochlorine compounds in fishes from the northeastern United States. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 146-151.
Falcó, G., Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., and Domingo, J.L. (2005). Health risks of dietary intake of environmental pollutants by elite sportsmen and sportswomen. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43, 1713-1721.
Hartmann, P.C., Burkhardt-Holm, P., and Giger, W. (2006). Occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in brown trout bile and liver from Swiss rivers. Environmental Pollution.
Kajiwara, N., Kamikawa, S., Ramu, K., Ueno, D., Yamada, T.K., Subramanian, A., Lam, P.K.S., Jefferson, T.A., Prudente, M., Chung, K.-H., and Tanabe, S. (2006). Geographical distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in small cetaceans from Asian waters. Chemosphere 64, 287-295.
Labandeira, A., Eljarrat, E., and Barcelo, D. (2006). Congener distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in feral carp (Cyprinus carpio) from the Llobregat River, Spain. Environmental Pollution.
Marsh, G., Athanasiadou, M., Bergman, A., and Asplund, L. (2004). Identification of hydroxylated and methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Baltic Sea salmon (Salmo salar) blood. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 10-18.
McElroy, J.A., Kanarek, M.S., Trentham-Dietz, A., Robert, S.A., Hampton, J.M., Newcomb, P., Anderson, H.A., and Remington, P.L. (2004). Potential exposure to PCBs, DDT, and PBDEs from sport-caught fish consumption in relationship to breast cancer risk in Wisconsin. Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 156-162.
Minh, N.H., Minh, T.B., Kajiwara, N., Kunisue, T., Iwata, H., Viet, P.H., Tu, N.P.C., Tuyen, B.C., and Tanabe, S. (2006). Contamination by polybrominated diphenyl ethers and persistent organochlorines in catfish and feed from Mekong River Delta, Vietnam. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 2700-2709.
Stapleton, H.M., Alaee, M., Letcher, R.J., and Baker, J.E. (2004). Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodephenyl ether by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 112-119.
Stapleton, H.M., Letcher, R.J., Li, J., and Baker, J.E. (2004). Dietary accumulation and metabolism of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by juvenile carp (Cyrpinus carpio). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23, 1939-1946.
Boon, J. P., Lewis, W. E., Tjoen-A-Choy, M. R., Allchin, C. R., Law, R. J., de Boer, J., ten Hallers-Tjabbes, C. C., and Zegers, B. N. (2002). Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants in animals representing different trophic levels of the North Sea food web. Environmental Science and Technology 36, 4025-4032.
Christensen, J. H., Glasius, M., Pecseli, M., Platz, J., and Pritzl, G. (2002). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in marine fish and blue mussels from southern Greenland. Chemosphere 47, 631-638.
Christensen, J. H., and Platz, J. (2001). Screening of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blue mussels, marine and freshwater sediments in Denmark. Journal of Environmental Monitoring 3, 543-547.
Johansson, I., Heas-Moisan, K., Guio, N., Munschy, C., and Tronczynski, J. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in mussels from selected French coastal sites: 1981-2003. Chemosphere 64, 296-305.
Kajiwara, N., Kamikawa, S., Ramu, K., Ueno, D., Yamada, T. K., Subramanian, A., Lam, P. K. S., Jefferson, T. A., Prudente, M., Chung, K.-H., and Tanabe, S. (2006). Geographical distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and organochlorines in small cetaceans from Asian waters. Chemosphere 64, 287-295.
Law, R. J., Allchin, C. R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C. A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
Liu, Y., Zheng, G. J., Yu, H., Martin, M., Richardson, B. J., Lam, M. H. W., and Lam, P. K. S. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediments and mussel tissues from Hong Kong marine waters. Marine Pollution Bulletin 50, 1173-1184.
Verslycke, T. A., Vethaak, A. D., Arijs, K., and Janssen, C. R. (2005). Flame retardants, surfactants and organotins in sediment and mysid shrimp of the Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands). Environmental Pollution 136, 19-31.
Laboratory Animals (rats and mice)
Alm, H., Scholz, B., Fischer, C., Kultima, K., Viberg, H., Eriksson, P., Dencker, L., and Stigson, M. (2006). Proteomic evaluation of neonatal exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 254-259.
Ceccatelli, R., Faass, O., Schlumpf, M., and Lichtensteiger, W. (2006). Gene expression and estrogen sensitivity in rat uterus after developmental exposure to the polybrominated diphenylether PBDE 99 and PCB. Toxicology 220, 104-116.
Desaulniers, D., Leingartner, K., Musicki, B., Yagminas, A., Xiao, G.-H., Cole, J., Marro, L., Charbonneau, M., and Tsang, B. K. (2003). Effects of postnatal exposure to mixtures of non-ortho-PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs in prepubertal rats. Toxicological Sciences 75, 468-480.
Kodavanti, P. R., Ward, T. R., Ludewig, G., Robertson, L. W., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) effects in rat neuronal cultures: 14C-PBDE accumulation, biological effects, and structure-activity relationships. Toxicological Sciences 88, 181-192.
Lilienthal, H., Hack, A., Roth-Harer, A., Grande, S. W., and Talsness, C. E. (2006). Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2',4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 194-201.
Malmberg, T., Athanasiadou, M., Marsh, G., Brandt, I., and Bergman, A. (2005). Identification of hydroxylated polybrominated diphenyl ether metabolites in blood plasma from polybrominated diphenyl ether exposed rats. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 5342-5348.
McKinney, M. A., De Guise, S., Martineau, D., Beland, P., Arukwe, A., and Letcher, R. J. (2005). Biotransformation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in beluga whale (Delphinapterus leucas) and rat mammalian model using an in vitro hepatic microsomal assay. Aquatic Toxicology 77, 87-97.
Reistad, T., Fonnum, F., and Mariussen, E. (2006). Neurotoxicity of the pentabrominated diphenyl ether mixture, DE-171, and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in rat cerebellar granule cells in vitro. Archives of Toxicology, in press.
Staskal, D. F., Diliberto, J. J., and Birnbaum, L. (2006a). Disposition of BDE 47 in developing mice. Toxicological Sciences 90, 309-316.
Staskal, D. F., Diliberto, J. J., and Birnbaum, L. S. (2006b). Impact of repeated exposure on the toxicokinetics of BDE 47 in mice. Toxicological Sciences 89, 380-385.
Betts, K. (2003). Why do people's PBDE levels vary widely? Environmental Science and Technology 37, 164A-165A.
Bragigand, V., Amiard-Triquet, C., Parlier, E., Boury, P., Marchand, P., and El Hourch, M. (2006). Influence of biological and ecological factors on the bioaccumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in aquatic food webs from French estuaries. Science of the Total Environment 368, 615-626.
Darnerud, P.O., Atuma, S., Aune, M., Bjerselius, R., Glynn, A., Petersson Grawe, K., and Becker, W. (2006). Dietary intake estimations of organohalogen contaminants (dioxins, PCB, PBDE and chlorinated pesticides, e.g. DDT) based on Swedish market basket data. Food and Chemical Toxicology 44, 1597-1606.
Darnerud, P.O., Eriksen, G.S., Jóhannesson, T., Larsen, P.B., and Viluksela, M. (2001). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers: occurrence, dietary exposure, and toxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives 109, 49-68.
Domingo, J.L., Bocio, A., Falco, G., and Llobet, J.M. (2006). Exposure to PBDEs and PCDEs associated with the consumption of edible marine species. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 4394-4399.
Falcó, G., Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., and Domingo, J.L. (2005). Health risks of dietary intake of environmental pollutants by elite sportsmen and sportswomen. Food and Chemical Toxicology 43, 1713-1721.
Gandhi, N., Bhavsar, S.P., Gewurtz, S.B., Diamond, M.L., Evenset, A., Christensen, G.N., and Gregor, D. (2006). Development of a multichemical food web model: application to PBDEs in Lake Ellasjoen, Bear Island, Norway. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 4714-4721.
Gomara, B., Herrero, L., Bordajandi, L.R., and Gonzalez, M.J. (2006). Quantitative analysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in adipose tissue, human serum and foodstuff samples by gas chromatography with ion trap tandem mass spectrometry and isotope dilution. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 20, 69-74.
Hayward, D., Wong, J., and Krynitsky, A.J. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls in commercially wild caught and farm-raised fish fillets in the United States. Environmental Research.
Huwe, J.K., and Larsen, G.L. (2005). Polychlorinated dioxins, furans, and biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a U.S. meat market basket and estimates of dietary intake. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 5606-5611.
Huwe, J.K., Lorentzsen, M., Thuresson, K., and Bergman, A. (2002). Analysis of mono- to deca-brominated diphenyl ethers in chickens at the part per billon level. Chemosphere 46, 635-640.
Koizumi, A., Yoshinaga, T., Harada, K., Inoue, K., Morikawa, A., Muroi, J., Inoue, S., Eslami, B., S., F., Fujimine, Y., Hachiya, N., Koda, S., Kusaka, Y., Murata , K., Nakatsuka, H., Omae, K., Saito, N., Shimbo, S., Takenaka, K., Takeshita, T., Todoriki, H., Wada, Y., Watanabe, T., and Ikeda, M. (2005). Assessment of human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Japan using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid-1990s. Environmental Research 99, 31-39.
Law, K., Halldorson, T., Danell, R., Stern, G., Gewurtz, S., Alaee, M., Marvin, C., Whittle, M., and Tomy, G. (2006). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 25, 2177-2186.
McElroy, J.A., Kanarek, M.S., Trentham-Dietz, A., Robert, S.A., Hampton, J.M., Newcomb, P., Anderson, H.A., and Remington, P.L. (2004). Potential exposure to PCBs, DDT, and PBDEs from sport-caught fish consumption in relationship to breast cancer risk in Wisconsin. Environmental Health Perspectives 112, 156-162.
McGovern, V. (2006). This little PBDE went to market: estimating intake from grocery store foods. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, A600.
Morland, K.B., Landrigan, P.J., Sjodin, A., Gobeille, A.K., Jones, R.S., McGahee, E.E., Needham, L.L., and Patterson Jr., D.G. (2005). Body burdens of polybrominated diphenyl ethers among urban anglers. Environmental Health Perspectives 113, 1689-1692.
Pirard, C., and De Pauw, E. (2007). Absorption, disposition and excretion of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in chicken. Chemosphere 66, 320-325.
Prevedouros, K., Jones, K.C., and Sweetman, A.J. (2004). Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3224-3231.
Schechter, A., Papke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., and Birnbaum, L. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survye of United States (U.S.) food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and gender, (epub July 13, 2006). Environmental Health Perspectives, 1-28.
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.-C., and Musumba, A. (2006a). Changes in polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in cooked food. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Chemistry in press.
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Harris, T.R., Tung, K.C., Musumba, A., Olson, J., and Birnbaum, L. (2006b). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) levels in an expanded market basket survey of U.S. food and estimated PBDE dietary intake by age and sex. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 1515-1520.
Voorspoels, S., Covaci, A., Neels, H., and Schepens, P. (2006). Dietary PBDE intake: A market-basket study in Belgium. Environment International in press.
Wada, K., Koizumi, A., Yoshinaga, T., Harada, K., Inoque, K., Morikawa, A., Muroi, J., Inoue, S., Eslami, B., Hirosawa, I., Hirosawa, A., Fujii, S., Fujimine, F., Hachiya, N., Koda, S., Kusaka, Y., Murata , K., Naktasuka, H., Omae, K., Saito, N., Shimbo, S., Takenask, K., Takeshita, T., Todoriki, H., Watanabe, T., and M., I. (2005). Secular trends and geographic variations in the dietary intake of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) using archived samples from the early 1980s and mid 1990s in Japan. Journal of Occupational Health 47, 236-241.
WHO (2005). Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 64th meeting, Rome, 8-17 February 2005 (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)).
Wolkers, H., van Bavel, B., Derocher, A.E., Wiig, Ø., Kovacs, K.M., Lydersen, C., and Lindström, G. (2004). Congener-specific accumulation and food chain transfer of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in two arctic food chains. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 1667-1674.
Levels and Fate in the Outdoor Environment: Air
Goel, A., McConnell, L.L., Torrents, A., Scudlark, J.R., and Simonich, S. (2006). Spray irrigation of treated municipal wastewater as a potential source of atmospheric PBDEs. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 2142-2148.
Gouin, T., and Harner, T. (2003). Modelling the environmental fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environment International 29, 717-724.
Hale, R.C., La Guardia, M.J., Harvey, E., Gaylor, M.O., and Mainor, T.M. (2006). Brominated flame retardant concentrations and trends in abiotic media. Chemosphere 64, 181-186.
Hassanin, A., Johnston, A.E., Thomas, G.O., and Jones, K.C. (2005). Time trends of atmospheric PBDEs inferred from archived U.K. herbage. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 2436-2441.
Jaward, F.M., Farrar, N.J., Harner, T., Sweetman, A.J., and Jones, K.C. (2004). Passive air sampling of PCBs, PBDEs, and organochlorine pesticides across Europe. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 34-41.
Jaward, F.M., Meijer, S.N., Steinnes, E., Thomas, G.O., and Jones, K.C. (2004). Further studies on the latitudinal and temporal trends of persistent organic pollutants in Norwegian and U.K. background air. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 2523-2530.
Julander, A., Westberg, H., Engwall, M., and van Bavel, B. (2005). Distribution of brominated flame retardants in different dust fractions in air from an electronics recycling facility. Science of the Total Environment 350, 151-160.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C.A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
Moon, H.-B., Kannan, K., Lee, S.-J., and Choi, M. (2007). Atmospheric deposition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in coastal areas in Korea. Chemosphere 66, 585-593.
Prevedouros, K., Jones, K.C., and Sweetman, A.J. (2004). Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3224-3231.
Rudel, R.A., Camann, D.E., Spengler, J.D., Korn, L.R., and Brody, J.G. (2003). Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 4543-4553.
Shen, L., Wania, F., Lei, Y.D., Teixeira, C., Muir, D.C., and Xiao, H. (2006). Polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the North American atmosphere. Environmental Pollution in press.
Sjödin, A., Carlsson, H., Thuresson, K., Sjölin, S., Bergman, A., and Ostman, C. (2001). Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments. Environmental Science and Technology 35, 448-454.
Wilford, B.H., Harner, T., Zhu, J., Shoeib, M., and Jones, K.C. (2004). Passive sampling survey of polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in indoor and outdoor air in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 5312-5318.
Gouin, T., and Harner, T. (2003). Modelling the environmental fate of the polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environment International 29, 717-724.
Hassanin, A., Johnston, A. E., Thomas, G. O., and Jones, K. C. (2005). Time trends of atmospheric PBDEs inferred from archived U.K. herbage. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 2436-2441.
Zhu, L.Y., and Hites, R.A. (2006). Brominated flame retardants in tree bark from North America. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 3711-3716.
Leaching from Flame-Retardant Plastic
Kim, Y. J., Osako, M., and Sakai, S. I. (2006). Leaching characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) from flame-retardant plastics. Chemosphere in press.
Hale, R. C., La Guardia, M. J., Harvey, E., and Mainor, T. M. (2002). Potential role of fire retardant-treated polyurethane foam as a source of brominated diphenyl ethers to the US environment. Chemosphere 46, 729-735.
Sediments, Sludge, and Wastewater
Anderson, T.D., and MacRae, J.D. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in fish and wastewater samples from an area of the Penobscot River in Central Maine. Chemosphere 62, 1153-1160.
Chen, S.-J., Gao, X.-J., Mai, B.-X., Chen, Z.-M., Luo, X.-J., Sheng, G.-Y., Fu, J.-M., and Zeng, E.Y. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Delta: levels distribution and potential hydrodynamic influence. Environmental Pollution in press.
Eljarrat, E., De La Cal, A., Larrazabal, D., Fabrellas, B., Fernandez-Alba, A.R., Borrull, F., Marce, R.M., and Barcelo, D. (2005). Occurence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environmental Pollution 136, 493-501.
Goel, A., McConnell, L.L., Torrents, A., Scudlark, J.R., and Simonich, S. (2006). Spray irrigation of treated municipal wastewater as a potential source of atmospheric PBDEs. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 2142-2148.
Hale, R.C., Alaee, M., Manchester-Neesvig, J.B., Stapleton, H.M., and Ikonomou, M.G. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ether flame retardants in the North American environment. Environment International 29, 771-779.
Hale, R.C., La Guardia, M.J., Harvey, E.P., Gaylor, M.O., Mainor, T.M., and Duff, W.H. (2001). Persistent pollutants in land-applied sludges. Nature 412, 140-141.
Heilprin, J. (2004). Flame retardant PBDE found in Lake Michigan, adding to concerns. In SFGate.com-November 24, 2004.
Law, R.J., Allchin, C.R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C.A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
Moon, H.-B., Kannan, K., Lee, S.-J., and Choi, M. (2007). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in sediment and bivalves from Korean coastal waters. Chemosphere 66, 243-251.
North, K.D. (2004). Tracking polybrominated diphenyl ether releases in a wastewater treatment plant effluent, Palo Alto, California. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 4484-4488.
Samara, F., Tsai, C.W., and Aga, D.S. (2006). Determination of potential sources of PCBs and PBDEs in sediments of the Niagara River. Environmental Pollution 139, 489-497.
Song, M., Chu, S., Letcher, R.J., and Seth, R. (2006). Fate, partitioning and mass loading of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) during the treatment processing of municipal sewage. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 6241-6246.
Song, W., Ford, J.C., Li, A., Sturchio, N.C., Rockne, K.J., Buckley, D.R., and Mills, W.J. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the sediments of the Great Lakes. 3. Lakes Ontario and Erie. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 5600-5605.
Verslycke, T.A., Vethaak, A.D., Arijs, K., and Janssen, C.R. (2005). Flame retardants, surfactants and organotins in sediment and mysid shrimp of the Scheldt estuary (The Netherlands). Environmental Pollution 136, 19-31.
Wang, D.Y., Cai, Z., Jiang, G., Leung, A., Wong, M.H., and Wong, W.K. (2005). Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility. Chemosphere 60, 810-816.
Zhu, L.Y., and Hites, R.A. (2005). Brominated flame retardants in sediment cores from Lakes Michigan and Erie. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 3488-3494.
Harrad, S., and Hunter, S. (2006). Concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in air and soil on a rural--urban transect across a major UK conurbation. Environmental Science and Technology 30, 4548-4553.
Wang, D., Cai, Z., Jiang, G., Wong, M.H., and Wong, W.K. (2005). Gas chromatography/ion trap mass spectrometry applied for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 19, 83-89.
Levels in Indoor Air and Residential Exposures: Computers
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Joseph, J. E., and Tung, K.-C. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. computers and domestic carpet vacuuming: possible sources of human exposure. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68, 501-503.
Wang, D. Y., Cai, Z., Jiang, G., Leung, A., Wong, M. H., and Wong, W. K. (2005). Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility. Chemosphere 60, 810-816.
Betts, K.S. (2004). Deca PBDE flame retardant gets around. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 50A-51A.
Butt, C.M., Diamond, M.L., Trugong, J., Ikonomou, M.G., and Ter Schure, A.F.H. (2004). Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in southern Ontario as measured in indoor and outdoor window organic films. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 724-731.
Gevao, B., Al-Bahloul, M., Al-Ghadban, A.N., Al-Omair, A., Ali, L., Zafar, J., and Helaleh, M. (2006). House dust as a source of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in Kuwait. Chemosphere 64, 603-608.
Harrad, S., Hazrati, S., and Ibarra, C. (2006). Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in indoor air and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor air and dust in Birmingham, United Kingdom: implications for human exposure. Environmental Science and Technology 40, 4633-4638.
Jones-Otazo, H.A., Clarke, J.P., Diamond, M.L., Archbold, J.A., Ferguson, G., Harner, T., Richardson, G.M., Ryan, J.J., and Wilford, B. (2005). Is house dust the missing exposure pathway for PBDEs? An analysis of the urban fate and human exposure to PBDEs. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 5121-5130.
Rudel, R.A., Camann, D.E., Spengler, J.D., Korn, L.R., and Brody, J.G. (2003). Phthalates, alkylphenols, pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and other endocrine-disrupting compounds in indoor air and dust. Environmental Science and Technology 37, 4543-4553.
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Joseph, J.E., and Tung, K.-C. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. computers and domestic carpet vacuuming: possible sources of human exposure. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68, 501-503.
Stapleton, H.M., Dodder, N.G., Offenberg, J.H., Schantz, M.M., and Wise, S.A. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust and clothes dryer lint. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 925-931.
Tan, J., Cheng, S.M., Loganath, A., Chong, Y.S., and Obbard, J.P. (2007). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in house dust in Singapore. Chemosphere 66, 985-992.
Wilford, B.H., Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Zhu, J., and Jones, K.C. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in indoor dust in Ottawa, Canada: implications for sources and exposure. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 7027-7035.
Julander, A., Westberg, H., Engwall, M., and van Bavel, B. (2005). Distribution of brominated flame retardants in different dust fractions in air from an electronics recycling facility. Science of the Total Environment 350, 151-160.
Law, R. J., Allchin, C. R., de Boer, J., Covaci, A., Herzke, D., Lepom, P., Morris, S., Tronczynski, J., and de Wit, C. A. (2006). Levels and trends of brominated flame retardants in the European environment. Chemosphere 64, 187-208.
Morf, L. S., Tremp, J., Gloor, R., Huber, Y., Stengele, M., and Zennegg, M. (2005). Brominated flame retardants in waste electrical and electron equipment: substance flows in a recycling plant. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 8691-8699.
Schecter, A., Papke, O., Joseph, J. E., and Tung, K.-C. (2005). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in U.S. computers and domestic carpet vacuuming: possible sources of human exposure. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 68, 501-503.
Thuresson, K., Bergman, Å., Rothenbacher, K., Herrmann, T., Sjolin, S., Hagmar, L., Papke, O., and Jakobsson, K. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ether exposure to electronics recycling workers - a follow up study. Chemosphere in press.
Eriksson, J., Green, N., Marsh, G., and Bergman, Å. (2004). Photochemical decomposition of 15 polybrominated diphenyl ether congeners in methanol/water. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 3119-3125.
Keum, Y. S., and Li, Q. X. (2005). Reductive debromination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers by zerovalent iron. Environmental Science and Technology 39, 2280-2286.
Soderstrom, G., Sellstrom, U., de Wit, C. A., and Tysklind, M. (2004). Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Environmental Science and Technology 38, 127-132.
Stapleton, H. M., Alaee, M., Letcher, R. J., and Baker, J. E. (2004). Debromination of the flame retardant decabromodephenyl ehter by juvenile carp (Cyprinus carpio) following dietary exposure. Environmental Science and Technology 38, 112-119.
Thuresson, K., Hoglund, P., Hagmar, L., Sjodin, A., Bergman, A., and Jakobsson, K. (2006). Apparent half-lives of hepta- to decabrominated diphenyl ethers in human serum as determined in occupationally exposed workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 114, 176-181.
Tomy, G. T., Palace, V. P., Halldorson, T., Braekevelt, E., Danell, R., Wautier, K., Evans, B., Brinkworth, L., and Fisk, A. T. (2004). Bioaccumulation, biotransformation, and biochemical effects of brominated diphenyl ethers in juvenile lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Environmental Science and Technology 38, 1496-1504.
Weber, R., and Kuch, B. (2003). Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environment International 29, 699-710.
Phibbs, P. (2005). Manufacturers to track more information on chemicals that previously required. Environment Reporter 36, 55-60.
Polley, M. B. (2003). Great Lakes to phaseout penta- and octa PBDE production by 2005. Pesticide & Toxic Chemical News 32, 20-21.
Subler, J. (2005). China proposes regulations to restrict hazardous substances in electronics. Waste Control and Cleanup 36, 2462-2463.
Prepared by Suzanne M. Snedeker, Ph.D., Associate Director for Translational Research, and student research assistants Katarzyna Fertala and Ryan Aylesworth.
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